Rich and Poor People In the 19th Century Britain

The different lifestyles and experiences, of rich and poor people in the 19th century Britain. The quality of life in the Victorian times depended on whether people were rich or poor. Wealthy people enjoyed a good and easy life, but on the other hand poorer people had a rough and hard life, often ending up in the workhouse or early death. By 1851 British society divided into social classes. The aristocracy were powerful and wealthy. The middle class, who ran the businesses, were ambitious and growing in wealth. The people in villages, in the towns, working as servant in the homes of the rich were very poor.The life of the rich, birth mattered more than money. A rich baby boy had governesses and nannies, then went to public school such as Eton or Harrow, finishing his education at Oxford or Cambridge. Girls were educated at home and getting prepared for marriage. Some girls went to boarding school and at the end of the 19th century, a small number were able to go to university. The el dest son inherited his father’s estate and title. In a rich household their meals where far more then they could eat and the rest was passed on to the employers who lived on their land. As the century went on, middle-class people took annual holiday.Behaviour in a typical middle-class family was proper. Children spent most of the time with the nanny and called the father â€Å"Sir†. The mother’s job was to stay at home and tells servants and tradesmen what to do. The middle-class house values where religion, modesty, cleanliness, self-improvement and hard work. They enjoyed musical evenings, stamp collecting, butterfly collecting and the theatre. The working class lived on their employer’s land in little cottages. If the working class would ever leave their employer they would have to leave their accommodation and make them homeless or go into workhouses.That’s why a lot of people stayed in the same employment for a long time. At the start of the 1 9th century few poor people received an education until the 1880 education act made primary school compulsory. Poverty is the state of being poor. For the poor most children have to work because their family needed the money. The more people in the family who worked, the more money they had. More money means more food and better living conditions. Very poor people with no home or job lived in workhouses and families got split up. They earned their keep by doing jobs in the workhouse.The idea was that the poor were helped to support themselves. For most of the population poverty brought terrible living and working conditions. Millions of people were living in terrible squalor. They lived in cold, damp, badly built houses. They where overcrowded which led to spread of disease. Working conditions were dreadful and people got low pay for long hours working in factories, mines and mills. Work was hard, and dangerous with little safety and poor working conditions. Huge social problems led to alcoholism and violence. This was happening up and down the land in the cities of Britain.During the 19th century people had strong beliefs about the causes of poverty. People believed that it was a person’s own doing that they lived in poverty, as it was due to the own behaviour, laziness, alcoholism or wasting the money that they had. A person should help themselves to avoid poverty and to get out of poverty. It was called self-help. The next step in this essay will be looking at some source material to find out which is primary and secondary. Primary sources are can also exist in many copies, if they were popular and widely available at the time that they were created.Secondary sources were called secondary because they are created after primary sources and they often use or talk about primary sources. Secondary sources can give additional options sometimes called bias, on a past event or on the primary source. Secondary sources often have many copies. Looking at Sourc e D: This is a secondary source, as it was written in 2001 by Victorian diaries in London. The diary was written unwittingly as the author Lady Maria Hobart did not expect anyone to read her diary. Also it is unwittingly written, because it describes an event out of her life.The diary is the primary source of the memory of the special day and written by her, produced at the time. She was also very wealthy as there was a maid and eight bride’s mates and she was made by a sir at the church. She had a horse and carriage picking her and her husband up from church after their wedding ceremony. She was an educated lady and her workforce came out cheerfully to celebrate their marriage. There is a very positive bias and it is very well written and precise. Source B: this source is not very reliable, as he is protective of his father and may be distorted due to his age.The father was the only source of income that points out that this family was very poor. This is also a primary sourc e as George Edwards recalls his life in this diary. The workhouse was also a strong point that this family was poor. The images in source F we see here are all primary images as there were photos taken at the time. The images showing the upper and working class looking at image one is strongly biased as it only represents the upper class. Image six was wittingly taken. The intention was to show the poor. Image two shows a child as a miner In 1842 the mines act stopped working girls and boys under 10 from work in mines.This also represents a poor family as all the member in a poor family had to work, even children. Also a primary source as it was taken at the time of the event. The conclusion on primary and secondary sources is, primary sources come first hand from the source or person. Diaries would be a primary source because it is written directly by the individual writing in the diary. Information that has been stated, but not interpreted by others. Secondary sources are sources that were written about primary sources. Secondary sources analyse, interpret and discuss information about primary source.

Gift of Magi Analysis Essay

The short story â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† uses elements from â€Å"How to Read Literature Like a Professor† in chapter 7 called â€Å"†¦Or the Bible.† The short story includes biblical references concerning the main theme of sacrifice and the gifts from the heart. The story also includes references to people from the Christian bible. Starting off with the title they even use a biblical reference with the â€Å"Magi.† â€Å"The Bible is full of possible titles,† from how to read literature like a professor. The Magi were in the New Testament and they were the wise men from the East who brought gifts to baby Jesus on the first Christmas. Christmas, which is a big part of the story, is also a biblical reference to the Christian religion. â€Å"O all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.† Its said in the story that Della’s hair would envy the Queen of Sheba. It also says that Jim’s watch would envy King Solomon. The Queen of Sheba and King Solomon both are famous figures from the Old Testament. Queen of Sheba and King Solomon are both known to be very rich. The comparison of Della’s hair and Jim’s watch to Queen of Sheba and King Solomon shows how important and precious those items are to Della and Jim. The story is also biblically related because Della and Jim give up the one of the most important things to them to buy presents for each other. That shows how much they love each other. This story also represents sacrifice. â€Å"Instead the story resonates with the richness of distant antecedes, with the power of accumulated myth.†

Paul’s Teachings and His Impact on Christianity

It is a widely accepted notion that Paul of Tarsus, a Christian teacher living from AD 4- 67, ultimately and significantly impacted Christianity's expression. Through his writings and beliefs, Paul has changed the spiritual dimension of Christianity in its entirety. Paul, originally a persecutor of Christians for the Roman Empire, received his conversion on the Road to Damascus. It is this that prompted his change of heart, and for his incessant preaching of the gospel.Perhaps driven by his former life, Paul preached the notion of love to all. â€Å"If I have no love, I am like a clanging gong,† he wrote in one of his epistles. In Galatians, Paul notes the importance of love as one of the ‘Fruits of the Spirit'. This devotion to loving one another impacted Christianity as previously, this idea had not been taught so prominently (except, obviously, by Christ). Paul taught that Christians were to, as Jesus taught and demonstrated by His death on the cross, love through all circumstances, as love â€Å"never fails†.This idea has led to the teaching, in many churches now, of adherents ‘becoming love', or becoming one with the qualities Paul so admired in the Saviour he worshipped. Secondly, Paul's preaching of salvation through faith, and, more importantly, through God's grace, led to the amazing expansion of Christianity through the salvation of new believers. In this way, Paul made Christianity accessible to all, no matter whether they were â€Å"Jew or Gentile, male or female, freed or slave†.This revolutionised religious expression as anyone knew it, as previously, salvation was earned through works (for example, sacrifices and commandments). Paul, once again building on Jesus' teachings, taught that obeying commandments was not the way to earn salvation, but was a way to show love for Jesus. While this idea was predominately lost until Martin Luther's reformation, Christianity was transformed by this and expanded significantly as a result. Paul also reiterated the importance of relying on Jesus, which is expressed in his letter to the Colossian church.Their reliance on the self was causing nothing but trouble for their spiritual lives, and Paul was quick to point this uot. Rather than testing human capabilities, Paul promoted the idea of keeping faith in the works of God, through constant prayer and reading of God's word. This, he said, would lead to a spiritually stronger church. This idea transformed the way Christian churches react in the face of crisis – whether to stand on their own ideas (â€Å"lean not on your own understanding,† as the Old Testament says) or to â€Å"Trust in the Lord your God† – with many following Paul's example and receiving through prayer.Paul promoted the idea of individual spiritual growth, as proclaimed in his epistles. He compares newcomers to the faith as spiritual babies, but he advises through learning about the Gospel that any believer can g row (â€Å"for we are all one with Christ†). This transformed Christianity as the believer is able t now feel a closer spiritual connection to God – Paul promotes heavenly rewards, but also new spiritual gifts through growth that God lovingly gives. Paul, while teaching that spiritual growth may accompany struggles and sin, also advise d the adherent to â€Å"flee† from sin.In his epistle to the Galatians, Paul refers to the old self – anger, gluttony, jealousy and hatred – as how believers should not act, then describes the Fruit of the Spirit: â€Å"Love, gentleness, meekness, self-control, kindness, joy and peace† as how believers should live. Paul gave examples of the adherent's ideal life, which had a transforming effect on Christianity not because of its content, but because Paul admitted sin was inevitable. Paul accommodated the nature of all individuals but urged the believer to use self-control, to â€Å"make his body a slave† and to try and resist temptation.Paul's words, undeniably, had a profound effect on Christian spirituality and understanding, as well as teaching. Through Paul's teachings of equality and love, his teachings of Jesus' love and God's grace through salvation, Paul revolutionised Christianity for the better and could always use Jesus' preaching’s to support these (a necessity for the faith). Paul himself did not profess to be perfect – â€Å"my body does things I don't want to do† – but spoke always of Jesus' love and forgiveness for all, showing

Criminal Justice -Sex Offenders- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice -Sex Offenders- - Essay Example An overview of Florida’s state laws which impact on sex offender registration and publication of residence information shall be presented through this paper. Other pertinent points of discussion shall be featured in the discussion below. Florida’s state regulations which are specific to registration of the sex offender include the following laws: 775.21 The Florida Sexual Predators Act; 794.065 or the Unlawful place of residence for persons convicted of certain sex offenses; 943.042 or the Toll-free telephone number; internal notification; sexual predator and sexual offender information; 943.0435 or the Sexual offenders required to register with the department; penalty; 943.04351 or the Search of registration information regarding sexual predators and sexual offenders required prior to appointment or employment; 943.04352 or the Search of registration information regarding sexual predators and sexual offenders required when placement on misdemeanor probation; 943.04354 or the removal of the requirement to register as a sexual offender or sexual predator in special circumstances; 943.0515 or the Retention of criminal history records of minors; 943.44353 or the automatic notification of registration of registra tion information regarding sexual predators and offenders; 944.606 or sexual offenders notification upon release; 944.607 or the Notification to Department of Law Enforcement of information on sexual offenders; 947.1405 or the Conditional release program; 948.30 or the Additional terms and conditions or probation or community control for certain sex offenses; 985.481 or the sexual offenders adjudicated delinquent, notification upon release; and 985.4815 or the Notification to Department of Law Enforcement of information on juvenile sexual offenders (FDLE â€Å"Related Information†). Based on The Florida Sexual Predators Act, the sexual

Policy development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy development - Case Study Example The sports are girls filed hockey, boys’ football, boys and girls’ soccer, lacrosse, and archery. Every sport require a game time on the one outdoor field. It is impossible to drop any sport because all of them are important (Baird 2011, p. 78). It is also illegal and uncomfortable to use a field that is not within the school compound. Students are required to carry out all their activities within the school. There are several ways of handling the matter. The problem of land as a limited resource is a common problem in all institutions. Wisdom is applied to make use of what is available. The school has to participate in all the sports. Leaving out any one of them will amount to discriminating the group of students who play those games. The school’s principles work to eliminate any form of discrimination by promoting equity and fairness. There is an option of finding a field outside the school compound. The option has some limitations. There is an option of partitioning the field into small portions but this also has some limitations (Baird, 2011). The third option is to prepare a schedule of events on when every sport takes place. However, the third option is limited by the existence of a parallel school schedule which we have to give priority. All the options have limitations. A solution can be to find another field outside the premises of the school. Students will waste time going to a field located off the school property. Acquiring a field implies an additional cost. The process of accessing funding to undertake such a project is involving as it is difficult to get approval. The second option of partitioning the field is limited by the small land available. The school compound can only accommodate one outdoor field (Baird 2011, p. 96). The school has no option but to work with the small land available. Another option is to form a schedule by planning the time in which every sport takes place. There is a challenge of coming up

Atheistic Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atheistic Existentialism - Essay Example This in turn refers to the vast improvements achieved in agriculture, the sciences, the arts, and in almost all spheres of human life, in activities which contribute to the cultivation, betterment, and refinement of the individual person, and of societies in general. Modern culture therefore refers to the sum total of all human experiences and phenomena, starting with the period mentioned and continues up to the present time. Modern culture is the integrated system of learned behavior and actions, mediated by new technologies such as in telecommunications, the Internet, and others. Culture is produced from the creative, imaginative, inventive, and innovative ideas that people make during their time. Culture is primarily in two forms, that of physical things made by a group of people, called as artifacts, and secondly, the intangible culture made up of language, customs, traditions, religious beliefs, cultural practices, and a particular worldview. In particular, the intangible aspect s of culture can be evidenced by the prevailing or prevalent philosophy at a certain time, which in turn guides human thinking and behaviors. Relatedly, there are various or different types of life philosophies over the course of human existence. In this connection, this is the focus of this paper. The philosophy of existentialism is a fairly modern kind of world view, a product of the modern times. It can be traced to around the nineteenth century and clearly within the modern period in human history; its main tenet is the emphasis on the individual person. Discussion Existentialism is a philosophy which states that thinking begins with the individual. It is further claimed by existentialists that acting, feeling, and living are the true indicators of what it termed as an â€Å"existential attitude† which refers to a vague sense of disorientation and confusion, felt by people who are truly living in the real meaning of the word. This feeling of disorientation is experienced when an individual realizes he is living in a meaningless, absurd world. People have always asked since time immemorial what constitutes reality, because human existence is faced with doubts whether human existence is the reality or merely a reflection of it. This feeling of doubt was expressed succinctly by the famous Dutch philosopher, priest, and humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) with his utterance of â€Å"cogito ergo sum† or in the plain English language translated roughly as â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Basically, existentialism advances the idea that it is the individual himself, and not society or religion, which determines and gives meaning to human existence. In other words, it is up to that individual, by his actions, how to live his life the way he wants, how it will turn out to be. This is quite a radical departure from previous life philosophies, because the sole responsibility is placed squarely on the person. Man acquires essence, once he acts on his thoughts, by using his free will (Sartre, 1947). Existentialism as a life philosophy ignores the basic question of whether there is really a God or not. It rather dwells on the capacity of Man to act by himself through his free will; that is Man himself is ultimately responsible for what happens, based on a doctrine of action. A God is seen by existentialists as a limitation or a hindrance to what Man can achieve (Webber, 2009). Conclusion Existentialism as

Jean Jacques Rousseau and the Declaration of Independence Essay

Jean Jacques Rousseau and the Declaration of Independence - Essay Example Jean Jacques Rousseau and the Declaration of Independence One of the ways that this can most distinctly be seen is within the founding document of the American movement of independence, the Declaration of Independence. Although many individuals doubtless influenced upon the way in which Thomas Jefferson ultimately authored the Declaration of Independence, Jean Jacques Rousseau is and was one of the most important and prominent influential factors in the way that this particular document was understood and ultimately represented. Accordingly, I will seek to draw a very clear line of distinction between some of the primary and fundamental aspects of the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau within the document of the Declaration of Independence. However, before delving too deeply into comparisons and contrasts of the works of Rousseau and the Declaration of Independence, a further level of analysis with regards to the Declaration of Independence’s most prominent author, Thomas Jefferson, must be engaged with. Thomas Jefferson is known by m any historians to be one of the most prominent and influential founding fathers of the United States. However, he was also a very prominent philosopher, inventor, writer, and Francophile. Accordingly, it comes as little surprise that Thomas Jefferson would have leaned heavily upon the writings and understandings exhibited by Jean Jacques Rousseau as a means of crafting this fundamental explanation of how and why the United States determined to free itself from English colonial bonds. (Declaration of Independence 1). One of the most fundamental aspects of Rousseau’s understanding of political thought and theory relates to the fact that he believed in the existence of what he termed a â€Å"social contract† between â€Å"the people†. Rousseau was fundamentally opposed to the idea that the divine right of kings allowed for an efficient and/or equitable means of governance. This can, of course, be traced back to what many have termed Enlightenment thinking. He, like many enlightenment thinkers questioned whether or not the divine right of kings was sufficient evidence to compel the people into servitude. Further, his works reference the understanding that a rule by the masses would represent a far more equitable approach (Storey 748). Ultimately, this was the same belief system that not only precipitated the American Revolution but also the French Revolution shortly thereafter. Many scholars have referred to this idea as early republicanism; i.e. the belief that the people under the form of an elected government were ultimately much better able to determine their own future then the distant, and ultimately uncaring monarchy that existed at that time. Although it may be convenient to assume that Rousseau was the first political thinker to come up with such a theory, this can be traced as far back as the ancient Greeks in the form of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates. The existence and definition of this level of freedom which each and every man sh ould exhibit was defined by Rousseau as something gifted by nature and/or of the natural order (Feinstein 14). At this juncture, the reader can aptly note the idea of self-determination, as exhibited within the Declaration of Independence, was a natural right and not something that was merely created by definition. Thomas Jefferson, and other framers of the Declaration of

Literature Review on Food Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature Review on Food Studies - Essay Example However, there is enough evidence that males also more likely to consume food rich in fiber and mineral nutrients that males students despite their unconsciousness to healthy eating patterns. On the other hand, ladies are keener on the need for healthy feeding and are less likely to consume high intake of fats and carbohydrates. The general conclusion of the research is that both males and female students in tertiary schools consumer nutrients in a much lower rate as compared to any other population. On the other hand, the research by Story, et al., (2002) on the influence of the environment on the feeding habits among adolescents is more reasonable in defining the problem of eating habits within the public. This group of research identifies that the social and physical environments influence the consumption patterns of the teenagers. The physical environment includes the existence of fast foods and the most available foods within the market. Notably, there is a rise in the fast food restaurant industry hence attracting the youths to eat junk foods that often contribute to obesity and other related diseases. Secondly, the social environment influences the preferences of groups of teenagers hence affecting their food intake. For instance, peer networks influence from what the youths drink to what they eat during the day. Apart from this, Story et al., (2002) identify that the adolescent is surrounded by complex changes that may influence individual tastes and preferences and henc e the eating behaviors.

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Hospitality Management - Essay Example se international portfolio requires a dynamic leadership and operational team who are well-versed in contemporary theories of consumer behaviour and are able and willing to respond to the needs of fluctuating market preferences. With the aforementioned in mind, it would appear that Hilton Hotels must actively scrutinise the internal and external market environment, determine their internal capacity to fulfill these identified service requirements and deliver on the promise of providing excellence in all aspects of business; both domestic and foreign. Being able to deliver on such promises requires a sophisticated team of service professionals, suggesting that Hilton brands must provide adequate training and development programmes geared toward service excellence and create quality systems to deliver these services and to respond to issues of service recovery to gain customer loyalty. Such systems require a flexible leadership team who remain focused on continuous improvements in the hotel industry. This project focuses on three specific elements which currently exist at Hilton Hotels, including their training and development systems, the inter-connected nature of staff behaviours and customer interaction as well as an analysis of the systems currently in place to manage issues of service failure and subsequent service recovery. Brand and service differentiation are two primary strategic objectives of Hilton Hotels, which involves creating the perceptions of high-quality facilities uniquely tailoured to fit the needs of a diverse consumer market. Hilton maintains a wide variety of four-star accommodations across much of Europe and North America, as well as less-affluent facilities designed for the busy traveller or family-oriented tourist. As the majority of Hilton brands are full-service facilities, including restaurant, banquet and conference catering and regional tourism packages, this would suggest that Hilton employees are fully interactive in virtually all

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay - 1

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts - Essay Example The qualitative article by Snider, (2014) has almost all its information purely in narrative form with an almost non-existent statistics. There is only one incident where statistics are mentioned and the rest of the information surrounds explanation of these figures. This is very helpful in understanding about the literature surrounding the issue of lack of diversity in the tech industries. For the people who are not lovers of figures because of the need for much interpretation, this article is very helpful and actually recommended. The article by Chemaly, (2013) is a quantitative one heavily lined with statistics regarding the lack of diversity in the tech industry. There are statistics on not only the gender, racial and ethnic diversity in employment but also that on managerial diversity as well. The statistics is also based on comparison of the industry a few years ago and the present times and any significant or lack therefore that is present. This information is very helpful in conducting further research as well as gaining an in depth understanding and growth rate comparison. It is however just too much and requires very intense interpretation which may take a lot of time. Since both articles have very significant information, they can be combined to incorporate all the people. By combining the articles, the statistics in the quantitative article will have been explained without requiring much interpretation by the reader. The readers and researchers will have an easier task and hence save a lot of time in the new combined article. The fact that the qualitative article is a bit shallow in comparison with the quantitative one will have been masked with the additional information. Combining the articles will also increase the credibility of the qualitative article as the literature provided will be backed up by evidence in the form of statistics. I am in

Evaluation Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Project - Essay Example (Report 5) The report itself utilized many acronyms however, each of these were explained prior to the use of said acronym with the first usage of an acronym being the name of the agency assembling the report, National Incident Command (NIC). Each acronym upon initial use was expanded to show the meaning of the acronym should it be used later in the report. One specific figure was used to assist in visually clarifying the best estimates of what happened to the oil that was released as a result of the incident. This was done on the first page of the report itself. In additional places of the report that may have required charts or figures to help understand the reported estimates and percentages links to alternative locations were given which further clarified the report. The links available did not necessarily clarify the information; the links themselves should have included information that summarized the reason for the links. Additionally the report itself was relatively short wit hout repetitive phrasing or unnecessary information. It could be said that the report was in fact to brief for what was expected of the report. However, the authors did make it clear that they expected additional information to be added as time went on.

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ebay, A Company Analysis Essay In August 2 ,1990, after Saddam Hussein’s military forces invaded and occupied Kuwait , there was large Iraqi military build up close the Saudi Arabia’s border. President Sr Bush perceived that Iraqi’s aggression and military build up was a serious threat not only to the security and independence of Saudi Arabia but also vital to US national interest in the Persian Gulf region. The main intention of Saddam Hussein was to control half of the world’s supply of Petroleum from Gulf region . Sr Bush initiated â€Å" Operation Desert Shield â€Å" and dispatched US military to Saudi Arabia to defend that country against a possible Iraqi attack. President Bush took bold decision and dispatched US troops to Saudi Arabia even without obtaining prior approval from US Congress. Later when reporting to Congress and Nation, Bush informed that he has acted in deference to Saudi Arabia’s specific request for American assistance in bolstering Saudi defenses and deterring possible Iraqi attack. To free the Kuwait from Iraqi occupation , President Bush ( Sr) rallied the support of United Nations by getting the U.N Security Council approval on November ,29,1990 to pass U.N. Resolution No 678 which authorized U.N members to use â€Å" all necessary means† to coerce Iraqi invaders from Kuwait , and to take military action if Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait by January 15,1991. OPERATION DESERT STORM: On January ,12,1991 , President Bush succeeded in getting Congress approval for the President use of â€Å" all necessary means â€Å" to carry out the UN Resolution 678. Now the President Bush had all the authority and support to persuade Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. On January16, after the Iraqi Government failed to withdraw its military forces from Kuwait by the deadline ,President ordered â€Å" Operation Desert Storm â€Å" and Iraqi forces were defeated and Kuwait was liberated. After Iraqi Government agreed to observe and comply with all U.N.Resolution , a ceasefire was ordered .Operation Desert Storm helped to destroy greater part of Iraq’s military machinery and Iraq’s claim to Kuwait. During June 1993, President Clinton ordered U.S. air strikes at Iraqi intelligence service headquarters at Iraq which had instigated and fostered a conspiracy to assassinate former U.S.President George Bush during his to Kuwait during April 14-16,1993. After the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the USA continued to engage economic as well as military conflict with Iraq. The main aim of the USA was to put an end to Saddam Hussein’s military regime in Iraq and to prevent Iraq becoming threat to international peace and U.S National interest in Middle East and to deny Saddam Hussein the opportunity to utilize Iraqi military to extinguish his political opponents among the Kurdish inhabitants of northern Iraq and among the Shi’ite Muslim marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq. The other main aim of US is to compel the Iraqi Government to honor its International obligations, including those relating to (1) The ban on the further development, productions and stockpiling of nuclear, biological, chemical and other weapons of mass destructions. (2) To call for the destruction of existing stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. (3)Recognition of and respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of Kuwait, (4) Compliance with the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. The main objective of the continuing military presence and activity of the USA and its allies in the Middle East –the Southwest Asia / Northeast Africa / Persian Gulf region is to prevent the Iraq regime and military forces from jeopardizing international peace and US National interest in the region. The other main aim was to prevent Iraq from threatening the security and independence of neighboring countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and from endangering US access and that of the other industrialized nations to the oil of the Middle East, the region which has over 70% of the Globe’s known petroleum reserves. During early October , 1994, US decided to drawdown its troops in the middle east in a phased manner , Saddam Hussein ordered the movement of his troops towards southward and headed in the direction of Kuwait. As a result, there was a significant Iraqi military build up along the Kuwait border. Saddam Hussein action clearly demonstrated his capacity to threaten neighboring countries and imperil the industrialized West’s access to Middle Eastern petroleum. Saddam Hussein action also revealed about lack of trustworthiness and his determination to violate the terms of the ceasefire agreement ending the Persian Gulf War. Again, UN Security Council had passed a resolution on October, 15, 1994 condemning the Iraq Government for the deployment of troops along the Kuwait Border. Bill Clinton, who was then the President of USA, deployed US Reinforcements on the Kuwait border to Iraq to counter the Hussein’s troops. Because of the strong and determined US response, Saddam Hussein backed down and withdrew all the troops from Kuwait border. Because of the defused environment, US also ordered the withdrawal of its troops from Kuwait. OPERATION DESERT STRIKE. In early 1996, Saddam Hussein began to initiate military actions which demonstrated that his predisposition toward making mischief in the Middle East had not really abated. The Iraqi despot dispatched his military forces into the Kurdish region of Iraq, seeking to regain political control over Iraqi territory .Saddam Hussein military invaded the region of north of the 36th parallel ,captured Irbil and pursued and attacked Kurdish refugees . Bill Clinton responded to Iraqi aggression by initiating Operation Desert Strike. However Operation Desert Strike was not as vigorous as it might have been because US response was to take action affecting Iraqi military positions and matters far from the battlefield in Northern Iraq. In short , US abandoned the Kurds and failed to live up to the obligation to protect and defend against Iraqi aggression over the region north of the 36th parallel , where thousands of members of groups opposed to Hussein’s rein were operating and functioning under the guidance of the US Central Intelligence Agency. The reason for the not taking stringent action during Iraq’s aggression against Kurds in 1996 by Clinton was mainly due to forth coming Federal elections which due during November, 1996. US ELECTION -1996 President Clinton however managed to keep the Iraq issue out of the 1996 elections to enhance his reelection chances. However, Saddam took it as US weakness and started to continue his endeavor to circumvent, erode the strength of USA. Saddam soon began a series of challenges to the system of UN Sanctions and inspection imposed on his regime to prevent if from developing, producing and stock piling weapons of mass destruction .Saddam’s continuous resistance to the UN WMD Program and its implementation came to a peak in January, 1998 when he expelled the US members of UNSCOM, the UN Weapons Inspection team. OPERATION DESERT FOX: From 1997 onwards, Saddam tried to obstruct the UN weapons inspection program in Iraq. He frequently protracted military confrontation with the USA and its allies. At one stage, he expelled the most of the US members of the weapons inspection team and because of this action, UN Security Council threatened to reinstate economic sanction against Iraq and Saddam never took serious of the warning issued by UN Security Council. In protest, the United Nations recalled the other inspection team members. The non cooperation from Saddam resulted in American –British military build –up in the Persian Gulf. This had effect of attitude of Saddam and it induced him to back down short while and he readmitted the weapons inspectors, including those from the USA. In November, 1997, Iraqi regime gave notice that it would not permit the U.N inspectors to enter and inspect sites at designated â€Å"palaces and designated residences â€Å" ECONOMIC SANCTION: In January, 1998, Saddam Hussein again expelled the U.S. members of the U.N weapons inspection team. The UN again protested by withdrawing the other inspectors and due to this a standoff continued and tensions were heightened. The UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Iraq. Again, a US military build up in the Persian Gulf commenced. In February, 1998, U.N Secretary General –General Kofi Annan negotiated an agreement whereby the Iraqi regime allowed readmission of U.N inspectors and resumption of the weapons inspection program. In return for this concession, the Iraqi government was given assurance that the Security Council would consider lifting the economic sanctions. The UN Weapons inspectors team did not receive full support from Iraqi regime during this period as Iraq claimed that the Security Council had shown no signs of taking steps for the removal of sanctions imposed .On October ,1998 Saddam again terminated the work of the UN Inspection team at Iraq. This has resulted again in building up of military presence by American –British in the Persian Gulf. On November 5, 1998, United Nations recalled UN Inspection team assigned to Iraq. Again Saddam yielded and allowed the UN inspection team in Iraq. But this was short lived .Again on December .1998, the UN team once again left Iraq.UN report dated 15th December .1998 charged the Iraqi Government for non cooperation and denial of access to records and inspection sites and through clandestine movement of equipment and records from site to site. OPERATION DESERT FOX : Based on the UN report. President Clinton decided to take military action against Iraq. The operation was named as Operation Desert Fox, a massive campaign of air strikes against key military and security targets in Iraq .Several targets were attacked in this operation including head quarters of Saddam Baath Party, barracks of the sad dam’s elite security guards, republic guard barracks and his daughter’s palace at Tikirt. The main goals of the Operation Desert Fox were (1) to degrade Saddam ability to make and use of weapons of mass destruction .(2) to diminish Saddam ability to wage war against his neighbors and (3) to demonstrate the consequences of flouting International obligations. President Clinton terminated Operation Desert Fox after three days as it had inflicted significant damage on Saddam WMD programs and his military and security infrastructure. and Iraq’s missile programme had been set back by at least 12 months and its military might had been substantially damaged. President Clinton ordered at the end of December ,1998 to draw down the U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf .But it is to be noted Operation Desert Box though successful but could not compel the Iraqi regime to accept and cooperate with the U.N.Weapons inspection program. GAME OF CHICKEN: This encouraged Saddam Hussein to play the dangerous â€Å" game of Chicken â€Å" with USA and its allies. Saddam Hussein continued to play hide and seek game with U.S.A , its Allies and with UN by defying the west and jeopardize its interests in the Middle East. He yielded temporarily when threatened with or subjected to western military attack. He reneged on the International commitments which he made in order to avoid or end a western military assault against his political regime and military / security forces. After the end of the operation Desert Fox , the U.S.A and its allies have engaged in a low level war with Iraq. The main aim of US to give protection to the Kurdish and Shi’ite minorities in Iraq from suppression and genocide from Saddam. The other aim is to replace Saddam region by another leader or group of leaders favorably disposed to US. In waging war with the Iraq , President Clinton has been acting in compliance with the reporting requirements of section 4 of the War powers Act of U.S.A. The President has been periodically reporting to Congress on the Status of U.S hostilities with the Iraqi regime and on other matters relating to the hostilities. Bill Clinton pursued a policy of belligerence towards Iraq , imposing crippling economic sanctions , undertaking the most sustained bombing campaign after Vietnam war and making â€Å" regime change† in Iraq as official US Policy. US POLICIES UNDER BUSH REGIME: A secret blue print for US global domination reveals that President Bush and his cabinet were planning a premeditated attach on Iraq to secure â€Å" regime change â€Å" even before he took power in January 2001. A plan called â€Å"Global Pax Americana â€Å"was drawn mainly to take control of the Persian Gulf region sans Saddam Hussein region while civil government was reestablished. It is to be noted that war was initiated on the main ground that Iraq was non cooperative in allowing inspection of weapons of mass destruction. However, in the aftermath of war, it became apparent that Saddam had no such weapons programme. Many Americans including prominent members of the Congress, claim Bush and his administration lied or misled the country based on doctored intelligence reports. The Bush Administration also linked the invasion of Iraq to the war on Terrorism, claiming that Hussein was giving safe heaven to and supporting terrorist groups. There were also accusation that Saddam was indirectly supported the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. It is to be noted that although the Bush administration strongly suggested ties at some level between Hussein and Al-Qaeda, it did not accuse Saddam of complicity in the specific events of 9/11 events. POST INVASION OF IRAQ: Military occupation was established and run by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) Which later appointed and granted limited powers to an Iraq interim Governing Council. Coalition and allied Iraqi forces have been fighting a stronger –than –expected militant Iraqi insurgency and hence ,the reconstruction of Iraq has been slow . In mid -2004, the end of the occupation was brought about and a new sovereign and independent Interim Government of Iraq assumed the full responsibility and authority of the State. The CPA and the Governing Council were disbanded on June 28, 2004 and a new transitional constitution came into effect. Sovereignty was transferred to a Governing Council Iraqi interim Government led by Iyad Allawi as Iraq’s first post-Saddam Prime Minister. But this Government can make laws only with the approval of CPA. The Iraqi interim Government was replaced as a result of elections which took place in January, 2005. A period of negotiations by the elected Iraqi National Assembly was followed which culminated on April 6,2005 with the selection of the leaders who currently head Iraq among them Prime Minister Ibrahim al –Jaafari and President Jalal Talabani. The multinational forces still exercise considerable power in the Country and with the New Iraqi Army, conduct military operations against the Iraqi insurgency .The role of Iraqi government forces in providing security is increasing. CONTINUING INSURGENCY: Even though, the Ba’ath Party organization was disintegrated, elements of the Secret police and Saddam army began forming guerilla units and focused attacks around Mosul, Tikrit, Fallujah .These elements who called themselves freedom fighters began using ambush tactics, suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices, targeting coalition forces and check points. Suicide bombers believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunnis, Syrians and Saudis tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias, OPERATION METADOR: During early May, 2005, the U.S launched Operation Matador, an .assault in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Its goal was the closing of suspected insurgent supply routes of volunteers and material from Syria .The US allies succeeded in recapturing the whole area and even fighting the insurgents all the way to the Syrian border , where they were blocked . PARTICIPATING NATIONS IN THE MULTI NATIONAL ARMY IN IRAQ: As of September, 2005, there were 26 countries with military forces stationed in Iraq. These were Albania, Armenia, Australia , Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria ,Czech Republic , Denmark ,El Salvador , Estonia , Georgia , Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania , Macedonia ,Mongolia , Netherlands ,Norway, Poland ,Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, United Kingdom , United States, Fiji and Ukraine. Poland, the Netherlands, Norway, Bulgaria and Ukraine have announced plans to withdraw. CONCLUSION: The Kerry campaign in Presidential election against George Bush charged that US is acting as neo-colonial power and claimed that US bungled the war due to incompetence , mismanagement and arrogance .Designed to advance US commercial and corporate interest abroad , military force was often used to break open markets that resisted diplomatic and economic pressures. â€Å" The Carter Doctrine† as it become known , made it clear the United States would use military power in the Gulf to secure and maintain the oil resources needed to turn of the wheels of the Empire. This policy explains the US sale of heavy weaponry to Saddam Hussein in the early 1980’s when war broke out between Iraq and Iran. US took many efforts to normalize relationship with Iraq then .Despite Saddam’s use of Chemical against Iran and Kurdish population in northern Iraq, the United States continued to back Iraq .Emboldened by these signs of support for his regime, Saddam invaded Kuwait in 1990.The first Bush administration however quickly came to view the invasion as a threat to US supremacy in the region and launched the first Gulf War. Sanctions were imposed by the UN at the behest of US in order to secure US control over Iraq’s Oil. The United States did not care about the â€Å"fact† that the sanctions have apparently killed hundreds of thousands of Iraqi’s by withholding necessary food supplies and medical supplies. Madeline Albright ,the US ambassador to UN ,when asked that more than 500,000 children had died because of a lack of adequate nutrition and medical care, replied â€Å" I think this is a very hard choice ,but the price-we think-the price. The American’s gross ignorance of conditions in Iraq was shown by their miscalculation in relation to the Shiites in the South. They thought that the latter would rise up against Saddam Hussein and welcome the invaders with open arms. But none of this happened Napoleon knew a lot about bayonets and found many uses for them, but there is one thing they can not be used for , as he pointed out: You can not sit on bayonets. The Americans and British do not have a real base of support in Iraq. A long term guerrilla war waged with low-tech methods like sniping, ambushes and suicide bombings can have a devastating effect over a long period if it has the backing of the people –and it will . Though the US is a super power, it is to be remembered that it was defeated by barefoot army in Vietnam. The Great Britain was once the land of rising sun has to vacate their colonies in all most all countries due to upsurge of the subjects of that nation. After Iraq , US is now concentrating how to destabilize Syria on the pretext of extending military aid to Baghdad and harboring escaping Ba’athist leaders ,but also of possessing weapons of mass destructions. Again US is also try to destabilize the Iran by accusing that it is under the way to add nuclear arsenals which is going to be great threat to world peace. The number of causalities in the Iraq’s war is alarming .US alone lost 2105 innocent Americans (soldiers) and Allies lost 201 and innocent Iraqis killed was around 30,420 . Who is going to be father or brother or care taker of the innocent family which lost their life in the war . To prove its mightiness, innocent lives have been lost and do the US or its allies are going to answer the cries and hues of foresaid the families who have lost their dear and near for the nation. Let alone history has to tell us what is Iraq’s fate and political independence in the near future. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1.Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy- by Ole R.Holsti. 2.The Dynamics of Coercion – American Foreign Policy and the limits of the Military Might-by Daniel Byman , Matthew C.Waxman. 3.The Iraq war and its consequences :Thoughts of Nobel Peace Laureates and Eminent scholars.- edited by Irwin Abrams, Wang -Gung –Wu. 4. Wars on Terrorism and Iraq :by Mary Robinson. 5.Today ,Iraq – Tomorrow –The World ? –by Gill Hinshaw

Does Descartes Provide A Convincing Argument?

Does Descartes Provide A Convincing Argument? Dualism is the philosophical belief that mind and matter are fundamentally distinct substances. William G. Lycan states that according to Cartesian dualism, minds are purely spiritual and radically non-spatial, having neither size nor location (Lycan, 47) and indeed, Descartes reached his conclusion by arguing that the mind and body are completely different in nature, making it possible for one to exist without the other. Whilst Descartes attempted to argue in favour of substance dualism, it can be said that his argument was ultimately weak, with substance monism being a far stronger viewpoint in the distinction between the mental and the physical. In this essay, I will attempt to argue that Descartes does not provide a convincing argument for the claim that mind and matter are distinct substances and instead, I will argue in favour of materialism through the particular exploration of functionalism. In order to understand dualism, we must first come to terms with Leibnizs Law due to the fact that most dualist arguments rely on this principle. The law states that if A=B, then any property of A is also a property of B (Guttenplan, 431). The first argument for dualism which I will discuss is the doubt argument, which compares the difference between an idea of ones own existence and an idea of ones bodys existence. The argument can be put forward as thus: Because of the nature of my being, my existence cannot be doubted. Because of the nature of my body, its existence can be doubted. Therefore, my mind which is the thinking thing that I am is not identical with my body. (Kim, 36) So in other words, whilst I can be convinced that I exist, it is not possible for me to know that my body exists with the exact same certainty. However, a response to this could be a comparison with another argument of similar structure but with a false conclusion, for example; Mary-Jane believes that Spiderman is a hero but Mary-Jane does not believe that Peter Parker is a hero. Therefore, Spiderman and Peter Parker must be fundamentally distinct. From this argument, we can see that the doubt argument is invalid. A second argument for dualism is the divisibility argument which may be reconstructed as follows: The self or soul lacks any parts into which it is divisible. The body, being spatially extended, is divisible and so composed of parts. Hence, the self and the body are distinct substances and the self is, unlike the body unextended. (Lowe, 8) The basic idea behind this argument is that the body is divisible because it is extended and thus can be separated into any number of parts. But Descartes argues that the mind is not divisible because each part of the mind, despite having different processes, has the same force behind it. Therefore, the mind cannot be seen as an extended entity because unlike extended entities, it cannot be divided into parts. So the same conclusion is reached; mind and body are ultimately distinct. However, the divisibility argument, despite being simple, has the same problem as the argument from doubt. We cant be totally sure that both premises are true. But Descartes was sure you couldnt divide the mind, especially someones thoughts and beliefs. However, it possible to argue that the mind can in fact be divided, if we consider the mind equal to the brain. Descartes may be right in stating that thoughts, beliefs, memories etc. cannot be divided but the substance that they are a state of, the physic al brain, can be separated such as in the case of brain surgery. People with personality disorders or split brains may have a divided mind. The first premise in this argument can only be true if we see the mind as a substance distinct from the brain. Thus, the divisibility argument is ultimately a weak argument in support of dualism. The final argument I will discuss is the argument from disembodied existence. Following the previous arguments, Descartes goes even further yet, stating that the mind is not only separate from the body, but that it can exist without it. The argument can be put as follows: If two things can exist apart from one another i.e. mind and body, they must be distinct. If I can imagine these things existing separately, God must be able to bring it about. If God can bring it about that these things exist separately, they must be distinct. Therefore, it is possible for the mind to exist without the body. In Meditation VI, Descartes expresses that he knows that all the things that he conceives clearly and distinctly can be produced by God precisely as he conceives them (Descartes, 28). Basically, the point that is being made is that if two things can exist separately, then they may be considered distinct. Descartes appeals to God to strengthen his argument, stating that if God can allow two things to exist separately, they must be distinct. But the problem lies in the fact that just because it is possible to perceive the mind and body as distinct, are they really distinct? Kim uses the example of the bronze bust of Beethoven. The bust could exist without being the bust of Beethoven, for example it could easily be the bust of say Brahms. However, if the bust is melted down, could it exist without being a material thing? The answer is no, as being material is a part of its essential nature and it cannot exist without being considered a material thing (Kim, 40). Thus, whilst its conceiva ble that I exist without a body, is it really possible? That is the problematic question that ultimately weakens Descartes argument. As I have shown Descartes argument for dualism to be weak, I will now highlight the ways in which materialism and in particular, functionalism refutes the claim that mind and matter are distinct substances, and fundamentally proves to be the stronger argument. One of the main questions that come from dualism is how the causal interaction of two distinct substances is possible. Materialism states that the universe contains only physical matter rather than distinctions, as in Descartes case. Whilst there are many strands of the materialist theory, functionalism appears to be the strongest. Functionalism is a theory which concerns itself with the idea that mental states are comprised exclusively by their functional roles. It explains how having a non-human brain can still result in mental states and also manages to explain how mental states can come from matter in the first place, without being completely perplexing. One of the strongest arguments in favour of functionalism is the argum ent involving the idea that mental states (such as pain) can be multiply realised because they involve functions. Fodor and Putnam argued that the importance of the state of pain does not lie on the c-fibres firing but what they are doing and what their contribution is to the operation. The point is that the role of the c-fibres could have been performed by anything suitable, as long as it was indeed performed (Lycan, 52). Clark puts the functionalist claim in an interesting way: the mind is to the body/brain as the program is to the physical machine. (Clark, 169) This idea can be seen as a direct response to the dualist view that mind and matter are distinct as the software is the product of material processes rather than being material in itself and any change in the software will cause changes in the computers physical components. Furthermore, it is impossible for the software to function without the hardware and vice versa, indicating that there is no real distinction between th e mental and physical. Ultimately, as I have argued in this essay, I believe Descartes dualist theory to be wholly unconvincing. This is primarily due to the weakness of the three arguments highlighted but also, the lack of strengths that appear in the theory. Descartes is convinced that mind and body are distinct but substance dualism doesnt seem to give an explanation as to why exactly mind and body are distinct and what the purpose of this distinction in. On the contrary, functionalism, a strand of materialism is a far more convincing theory in the discussion of mind and matter. By stating that there is no distinction between the two and that in fact, a mental state is concerned more with its function and its role in the wider system, an analogy can be made between the mind and a computer programme. This analogy is possible to conceive and essentially makes sense. So overall, substance dualism proves to be a far weaker argument in comparison to functionalism.

Letter to President Jackson :: writing letters

Dear President Jackson,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sir, I have been meaning to write to you recently. I am truly devoted to your beliefs on how to treat our growing nation. Currently, I am a Senator for the State of NJ, and I feel strongly confident that you will lead us to a stronger and better nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason that I have felt the urge to write this letter to you persists to the formation of your spoils system. I am writing this letter to compliment you on your great accomplishment. Your spoils system gives many â€Å"common people† a spot in the national government. Along with you, I believe that this system is more democratic, and it fits our country just right. As you may already know, there have been many critic reviews posing against this system of yours. They believe that many qualified men aren’t getting a fair chance in the government. To reassure you, I believe that you are advancing with the necessary steps needed, and you will prevail amongst our people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Jackson, I would also like to state that I thoroughly agree with this statement of yours, which pronounces, â€Å"The duties of all public officers are†¦so plain and simple that men of intelligence may readily qualify themselves for their performance.† This statement has led me to ask you this question, â€Å"If you like to reward only common people spots in the government, why have kept Van Buren?† If it is possible, please reply to this question and your letter. Besides the question mentioned above, I would like to compliment you once again for a job well done for our democracy.

Formalistic Approach Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) Ess

Formalistic Approach Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) In Thomas Gray's poem "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat," we find many examples of the Formalistic Approach. In this poem, we find numerous examples of alliteration, rhyme scheme, puns, and creative word choice. This poem is very joyful and fun to read because the author is very creative in his choice of words and phrases. In the first stanza, we figure out where this event is taking place or in other words, we find out the setting. The cat is standing on a ledge in his owner's house looking down into a fish bowl and gazing at gold fish. In this stanza, we find patterns of rhyming. Within this stanza this rhyming pattern is A, A, B ,C,C,B. In the first stanza they would be the first two lines (side and dy'd), the third and sixth line (blow and below), and fourth and fifth (kind and reclin'd). Line six of this stanza states" Gazed on the lake below" (Gray line 6) represents word choice. Gray could have just stated that the cat...

Iroquois Essay -- essays research papers

Nothing is so fundamental yet so important to the freedoms we enjoy as Americans as the United States Constitution, which guarantees our right to do and say as we please so long as it does no harm. The Iroquois Federation preamble describes the purpose of the government set up by the government in their statements the emphasis is placed on perfect peace for the welfare of the people. Their focus was fighting for, the liberty of the people. Among the Indian nations whose ancient seats were within the limits of our republic, the Iroquois have long continued to occupy the most conspicuous position. The Iroquois flourished in independence, and capable of self protection, long after the new England and Virginia races had surrendered their jurisdictions, and fallen into the condition of dependent. Nations they now stand forth upon the canvas of Indian history prominent alike for the wisdom of their civil institutions of the league. Only the Iroquois had a system that seemed to meet most of the demands espoused by the many parties to the debates the Iroquois certainly have a considered the influence on the drafty of our own constitution, and we present day Americans owe them a very large debt. At the time of the founding of Iroquois League of nation, we have only the early stories, which was passed down from generation until such time as a written language existed. We only have stories that were passed down form generation to generation until such time as there was a written language and interprets available to record that early history. Early explores and colonist found the Iroquois well establish as they had been for many generations with a democratic government, with a form at religion that acknowledged a creator in heaven; with a strong sense of family which was used on, and controlled by their women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1744 an Iroquois leader, Canassatege, had an idea. In presenting the idea to his assembly, he realized that no one was listening to what he had to say. He suggested that they should form an umbrella group that consisted of thirteen colonies. The thirteen colonies were derived from the thirteen cousins of the Iroquois people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He mentioned each colony could keep his authority and the thirteen colonies could speak to each with one voice. Many years later the United States family developed this idea... ...ded for quick land acquisitions on order to serve the interests of the restless white frontiersmen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Working the legal structures of the United States as well as through demonstrative activities, the Iroquois nations are trying to regain some of their land and protest their rights. They are people with tremendous sense of endurance and inner strength. Their persistence as a viable and cohesive culture is a monument to human values that have meaning in spite of persecution and defeat, by a military strong culture. The league of the Iroquois lives on a testimony to freedom, for all that care to examine it. Its spirit endures as a vision and a good for betterment of mankind. References  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lathom, Earl: The Declaration of Independence and the constitution. Revised Edition- Copyright 1956  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.law.ou.edu/hist/iroquois.html  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guide Jr., Donald A: The Iroquois and the founding of the American Nation. Copyright 1977  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morgan, Henry Lewis: League of the Iroquois  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Journey

Scene 5 Act 5 Commentary

Macbeth:She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in the petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out brief candle, Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing. 5. 5 17-28) Act 5, Scene 5 Commentary In act 5, scene 5 of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses metaphors, diction, mood and tone to emphasize the concept that life is meaningless, in order to suggest the theme of ambition without moral constraints. Upon hearing of his wife’s death, Macbeth reflects on how pointless his own life has become. Shakespeare uses tone to declare Macbeth’s feelings toward life. Throughout this passage, the tone is very bitter and cold. â€Å"It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. (5. 5 26-28) After hearing a women’s cry, Macbeth realises his own mortality, and he speaks scornfully. While reflecting on how meaningless his life has become, an angry mood is established. Once realising his life is full of noise and melodrama, he sees that he really failed and his life does not signify anything. He quickly becomes enraged at how his life has turned out. Shakespeare has a very specific diction, and in this particular passage, he chooses to use repetition. â€Å"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow† (5. 18) BY repeating ‘tomorrow’ over and over, the boredom of life in general is stressed by dragging the word out. He also chooses to use â€Å"petty pace† (5. 5 19) and â€Å"dusty death† (5. 5 22), forming alliterations. The use of similar sounds put emphasis on the fact that the days are just dragging on dreadfully, which only lead to death. All through Macbeth’s solil oquy, Shakespeare incorporates various metaphors, one of which compares life to a bad actor who wanders and worries on stage. â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow, a oor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. † (5. 5 23 -25) Macbeth believes that life is just an illusion, and once you are done wandering around, you just disappear and leave nothing important behind. He also compares life to a candle. â€Å"Out, out brief candle. † (5. 5 22) The brief candle is one that is dimly lit – that no one wants – and burns out quickly. The candle symbolizes how short and dull life is. By adding â€Å"Out, out† (5. 5 22) Macbeth shows how he wants the candle to burn out.He is contemplating suicide and does not want to live anymore because he is ashamed of his life. This entire passage is centred on the concept that life is insignificant, which exemplifies the theme of ambition without moral constraints. Due to Macb eth’s ambitions, he is in too deep to turn around. It is far too difficult to turn around and stop killing, so his choice is to just keep going. Up until this time, Macbeth had expected to win the battle between him, Malcolm and Macduff. He thought winning this war would finally bring him happiness again.Once Lady Macbeth died he realised that is not the case. His actions went unchecked by any morals, which just led to the destruction of his life. Lady Macbeth killed herself because she could handle the guilt anymore, and now that his wife is gone, he sees the damage and realises that he failed at making his life noteworthy. The theme of ambition without moral constraints is shown through Macbeths realization that life is futile, that is presented by Shakespeare’s use of metaphors, diction, mood and tone.

How Have Western Views of Knowledge Changed over Time Essay

Throughout history, cultures have held disparate views on the nature of go to bedledge. Epistemology, the branch of ism that foc holds on basic questions such as What is acquaintance? How do we know what we know? , lies at the heart of these views. In horse opera culture, the answers to these basic questions have mixtured markedly everyplace eon. Throughout history, this ontogeny in school of thought has been inextricably linked to scholarship and religion. untold of Hesperian fancy has been heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks. In particular, the epistemological views of the Ancient Greeks reign Western thought for centuries.Of all the Greek philosophers, Plato was one of the close influential. In his most famous kick the bucket The Republic, Plato used the Allegory of the hollow out to name the role of sensory perception in knowledge acquisition. In his analogy, Plato traced a core out in which people were set up down in such a way that prevented them from looking eachwhere scarcely forward. Behind them was a fire and in front of them was a mole that reflected shadows from that fire. The prisoners captors manipulated these shadows to create forms and stories. The forms and stories that the prisoners saw were the besides reality that they knew.Eventually the prisoners left the counteract and found squ ar(a) reality outside. It was lonesome(prenominal) then that the prisoners understood that what they had perceived until this event was a anomalous perception. The Allegory of the Cave served to expound Platos epistemological views. Today, we describe Platos philosophic views as positivist. He argued against opinion on sensory get down because he believed that it failed to provide us with any guarantee that what we experience was, in particular, true. He believed that the information we get by relying on sensory experience is constantly changing and often unreliable.It can be evaluated scarcely by appe aling to higher principles that do not change. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato was comparability our sensory perception to the shadows on the wall of the cave. Plato saw us as the chained prisoners unable to know anything but this false reality. Only by leaving the cave and ascending to higher orders of thought ar we able to know true reality. unstated in this view was the belief that true knowledge cannot be found by dint of trial-and-error investigation. According to Plato, empirical knowledge was merely opinion. Only thought and schema reasoning could produce true knowledge.The rationalist view of epistemology dominated much of Western thought for centuries. Eventually, progress in acquaintance during the Renaissance changed this. One of the first to change these dominant views was Andreas Vesalius. In 1543, Vesalius published De Humanis Corporis Fabrica (On the workings of the Human Body), an elaborately illustrated atlas of serviceman anatomy. turn Vesalius publish ed work had epochal historical importance in the work of medicine, his most enduring legacy was his ultra challenge of the medical conventions of his day.For centuries, physicians had relied on enforce texts from Galen for medical knowledge rather than move in the withdraw dissection of human corpses. Vesalius promoted the practice of dissection and hands on experience. By overthrowing the Galenic usance and relying on his own observations, Vesalius was advocating an empirical savvy of the human body. This shift from rationalism to empiricist philosophy became one of the defining characteristics of the Scientific Revolution. In direct contrast to rationalism, empiricism show the acquisition of knowledge through direct observation and experiment.Empiricism not nevertheless encouraged but required reliance on our senses. This was in direct inverse to Platos epistemological view that had dominated for a millennium. This shift from Platos rationalism to scientific empirici sm had significant ramifications for philosophy. While before this time there had eer been collaboration amongst science and philosophy and religion, there had been no real characteristic between them. Now, empirical knowledge served as a way of testing philosophical knowledge. This would ultimately lead to their incompatibility and their eventual(prenominal) separation.This separation is largely attributed to Galileo, one of the major figures during the Scientific Revolution. Even in his time, Galileo was a renown scientist and a philosopher. While he relied heavily on empirical methods in his studies of physics and astronomy, he also depended on rational thinking in his use of mathematics. It was through his combined use of empirical observations and rational thought that he confirm the Copernican view that the sun was the amount of money of the universe. However, the Copernican Copernican worldview conflicted with the dominant Ptolemaic view espoused by philosophers from t he time of Aristotle. qualification social functions even more complicated was the fact that philosophers couched this dispute as a ghostly matter arguing that a heliocentric worldview went against the teachings of the Bible. As the geocentric view had been pick out by the church, the heliocentric worldview was branded as heresy. Galileo, certain of the physical truth of his heliocentric paradigm and at the same time devout in his religious beliefs, worked to vacate this conflict by divorcing the church from purely physical matters, where faith is not involved.By working to separate science, philosophy, and religion, Galileo was attempting to reestablish the compatibility of science and religion. Despite Galileos attempts, the conflict between scientific and religious worldviews is still translucent today. The epistemological tradition of today has created a dominant worldview found on evidence. As during the time of Galileo, this worldview has at times conflicted with astra y held religious beliefs. This divide, empiricism vs. faith, has survive an progressively prominent conflict in American politics.A recent announcement by GOP presidential candidate, hayrick Perry highlights this divide. Rick Perry late publicly declared his disbelief in the conjecture of evolution in upgrade of intelligent endeavor. The theory of evolution is an write up of the origin of life widely support across numerous scientific disciplines. though science and empiricism overwhelming supports the theory of evolution, it does not largely accepted by the populace. The controversial nature of evolution has emerged because, erstwhile again, a purely physical matter has been politicized as a religious matter.Rick Perrys views on evolution illustrate a larger phenomenon in U. S. politics. That is, views regarding the evolution/intelligent design conflict take to the woods to be politically divided. Intelligent design or faith based arguments are generally forwarded by cons ervative Republicans such as Rick Perry. Evidence based empirical arguments, such as evolution, are championed by liberal Democrats. Science has become political as conservatives are line up with religion.

Identity In Contemporary European Cinema Film Studies Essay

Analyse the field of operations of laissez faire ( e.g. depict object, gender ) in two depictions that you bring studied on the faculty. Trainspotting fol execrables the lives of groups of friends in Edinburgh. This pictorial matter has been cognise as an illustration of a radical stinting film, which leaves the stereotypes of tartanry and kailyadism which is imposed by film makers from moodyside Scotland, embraces urban and modern-day Scotland, and is the merchandise of a Scots word-painting industry. Trainspotting non merely breaks with many traits typical of earlier cinematic representation of Scotland, but besides demonstrates the troubles of building a discourse conveying a new sparing indivi dichotomy, which is meant to replace the old Tartan and Kailyard stereotypes .The regional individuality of Trainspotting is Scottishness. This is established through the speech pattern of the characters in the mental picture and besides the mise-en-scene. The Scots slang is an separate(prenominal) individuality of Scottishness, and the dark nine scene, Sput and Tommy s conference is captions, this distinctivness to the non-Scottish earreachs exact in the apprehension of Scots accents.In the five-a-side granular at the beginning of the celluloid, Renton and Begbie ar both stick out oning viridity and uninfected shirts as one of the Edingburgh squads. This gives the characters their theatrical role of Edinburgh and that they are portion of the Catholic community. The soiled equip they are have oning gives the presence of economic marginalisation and low life style.The thought of Scots national individuality is happen uponn throughout the movie. The tourer ideal of Scotland is interpreted off from the mundane experiences of the characters, and Renton expresses the rejection of official Scotland in the movie s most celebrated scene when the anthropoid childs visits the Highlandss.In Trainspotting the Scots idiom in the movie shows the Sc ots heritage, giving a continual proctor to the viewing audiences of the chauvinistic differences between the English and Scottish. The movie is made amusing by the idiom, which opens a new angle from which to near the audience.In Trainspotting at that place the fe staminate, she is shown as a Heroin nut, compared to the other five priapics. This goes with the traditionalistic means to under groundwork the drug subculture as male dominated. The grounds are linked to gendered thoughts close to giving females, even the intensions of diacetylmorphine dependences are criminalism, foulness. These things are by and coarse understood to use to male members of the low societal family unit. The other female character, Diane, she is seen as operose articulate confident im originate miss, really mature for her immature age. She sickmails me to see Renton at a time more and if he does nt she ll state the constabulary.Nakedness is outnumbered in more with male childs than misss. Ren ton and Diane in full frontal nakedness, Spud even is undressed by his girlfriend as he lies on the bed, we see Mother Superior target as Alison injects Heroin into the venas of his phallus. The camera does non travel in the extra shootings, and there are no close-ups on the private parts and nor does the camera c everyplace the bare organic structures shot this objectifies the nudity of the characters in the movie. in that location is no female or male regard, and the manner which nakedness is shown in the movie, Trainspotting is gender-neutral.This movie is known to be for one for the male childs , it deals with gender issues such as the inquiring of both the male and female duality and the hegemony of heterosexualism.By overstating the gender stereotypes are one of the brain agencies that are used to movie to appeal to the audience is humourous ways. One illustration is Begbie. He is seen depicted as be happening troubles to work out struggles with aid of anything but fo rce. He is seen sitting about in Renton s level have oning his underclothes, and ptyalizing beer on the floor, he is seen being represented as a wholly devoid of emotions that he does non even see his friends dislike him and all this work stoppages is to being over the top but we merely laugh at it.Jamon Jamon is a Spanish movie, filmed in Spain. In this movie there are many elements to the Spanish patriotism that keeps the movie in tradition with Spain. starting image that is normally seen throughout the film is the black Bull hoarding. You see the Bull bumper spines are seen throughout Spain, and the intension is linked with Spanish culturalisim, including Bullfighting. In the topographical point Catalunya you would see donkey bumper spines, as implication of Catalan individuality, the low donkey being the symbol of that part. The Bull is the official emblem of Spain, associating it to bull combat.In the decision of the credits, in Jamon Jamon, the black cover chargeground is shown to be a mammoth hoarding advertisement brandy and stand foring a bull. As the field of vision overt to uncover the infinite of narrative action, ( desert pit by a busy expressway ) a concluding handbill spot of inkiness ( the testiss of the bull ) t cash in ones chipsk dominant in frame and provides the background for the music director s name. The most obvious, manner the movie defines the localization and involvement to be the relationship between the narrative the actions the topographic point and as phaseed ( symbolic and iconic ) representation of maleness.Another illustration of muscularity and individuality in national civilization is the scene where Raul is practising bullfighting utilizing a wheel-barrow. Raul shootings of him have oning a tight blue trunkss, and remote sleeveless jersey, and shut up shootings are being used to demo his muscularity and shut up of his large phallus pouching through the trunkss.The individuality of male is ofttimes played with i ntension of meat. Hence the interlingual rendition of the movie name Jamon Jamon, as Ham Ham. Throughout the movie, there are a batch of shootings of male venereal countries. The scene where they are intuitive feelinging for their following underclothes theoretical account, there is a line of ingenuous built muscular work forces standing, merely have oning underpants. This gives the intension of the male s meat, shown with close up shootings of each adult male s underpants. young-bearing(prenominal) individuality is shown both dominant, but besides stereotyped. Jose s female parent, Conchita plays the function of a high category concern adult female. She is seen looking glamourous, clean, expensive white apparels, and seen driving a Mercedes. She stands out from the other characters, as even the auto, is much more expensive than other vehicles around in the movie. Lorries and broken minibikes are seen. She seems to exert power with gold, corrupting Raul with money to seek and label Silvia to interrupt matrimony with her boy.Silvia as yet is like the antonym she is seemed to be the on the handicraft category miss of Spain. She has no power, but her gender and artlessness and good expressions bring her ain sort of power. The stereotyped is shown, as she is seen working in a grinder, chiefly female workers, who all are run uping underwear for work forces.The male individuality starts off with being masculine. Many scenes of the male, particularly Rauls, are shown to look tough, strong and sexy looking adult male. sense of hearing for the female regard. But so once more, there is little intension to stand for him with ham actor. Him being set like a piece of meat, he is bribed with money and gifts to make things for Conchita. She offers him money to kip with Silvia, and offers him a push back motorcycle and Mercedes if he continues to kip with her. It shows that he has nil, and testament be willing to to make anything at a monetary value.The line of meat in the mill all lined up, on ropes, are seen once more in intension traveling back to the scene where they are choosing an underwear theoretical account. They are all lined up similar to the jambon that is tied up in Rauls place.( 1248 )Mazierska E and Rascaroli L 2003 From Moscow to Madrid Postmodernist Cities, European picture. capital of the United Kingdom and New York I.B. Tauris.McArthur C 1982 Scotland and film the wickedness of the male parents, in C McArthur ( ed. ) Score Reels Scotland in Cinema and Television. London BFI 40-69.Smith M 2002 Trainspotting. London BFI. pathway S 1997 British National Cinema. London Routledge. chisel I 2004 Trainspotting. London Minerva.

Development of Australian Law

occidental refinement refers to the tender structures and norms t don arose from antediluvian patriarch Greece and stretch divulge through out(a) Europe. This include the ship stoogeal their organizations were ferment and how their efficacious carcasss split uped. Australia, world a colonization of the British imperium was severely bringd by the c at nonp beil timepts and institutions naturalized to a pooh-pooh m any slope goernment and integrity, which had a turbid bear on on how the produce, oddly that of wise entropy Wales, and national official official intelligent g everywherenances were originated and substantial, base on what was pertinent to the wise habituation and what was non.Origin of side remunerate To waiver across how the incline level ca regorgeed ashes had an influence on the estimationls and Institutions In the Australian legitimate constitution, It moldiness graduation be cognize how It was realised and deve loped. The meshing of battle of Hastings in 1066 which axiom the Normandy oddityuesch by William the Conqueror, proerb a swap in the delegacy Eng im originate was command, and the push exploitation of the feudal giving medication to incline familiarity. The male cr decl atomic number 18ed head argued that he was in a higher place tot exclusivelyy truth, whilst fan tan refuted this claim.What followed was centuries of seek that truism the jural establishment develop and don top executive everyplace the monarchy in come in to Magna perambulator The Magna handcart was a 121 5 document, that world military force John, was laboured to cut by his Curia Regis, or tabbys dally, as he had been abusing his offices. Re unmitigatedions were situated upon the meter of impulsive cave in the business leader had, as rise as outlines for the act organizations. Its main economic consumption was to lay d receive that it was practical to put bound upon the exponent and for the judicature to pay off just about temper over the rule of the country.It was Woolworth who utter The gaining of Magna baby carriage closes whizz statusinus in the narrative of position fair play and begins an otherwise. It closes the block during which the law Is plopped by the billet of the fannyvass alone, and it begins the flowing which will end in the implantment of a Parliament, with magnate to attain rough grapple in the fashioning a development of the law. This drive style which gave precedent to the world-beaters romance was a existence grammatical constituent In the slope constitution, which helped establish a fan tanary arrangement, and olibanumly is Copernican in the Australian tumesce-grounded system.Similarly to Eng footing, Australias fantanary and mash systems be disrupt entities to the monarchy, with these institutions world go over-bodied to control themselves immaterial of the Governor-General or Governors capacity, then presentation the beguile hat the slope statutory system has. lofty license ane business face by the King, fantan and courts was where ones creator started and stopped. fit in to special K law, the King was not supra the law, moreover, the monarchy argued that he was preceding(prenominal) all law, and could arrogate tasks to others.However, beneath the object lesson of Prohibitions these Issues were discussed and findings sink out the limitations from all(prenominal) one of weapon of the law. These findings crap influenced the thoughts and institutions that were formal in the Australian intelligent system, and how more index finger each of ramp up of organisation has and what this entails, once again meandering(a) that the concepts and Institutions of the slope sub judice system ar enter in Australia. detachment of Powers interval of authors refers to the political science macrocosm split up into 3 arms- the I ge t through (defining the canon).The fantan and courts argued that zippo, including the King, was higher up the say of the law. In Eng flat coat, in Bantams Case, the regnant against the effectuates of the King gave appearance to the fancy that the courts had index number over the monarchy. However, it wasnt until the obtain of Charles I without a fan tan from 1629-1640 and the sequent concomitants that this whim was cemented in law. Upon losing the obliging contend against fantan in 1649, Charles I was essay for superseding the parliament and to a fault levy the great deal once he ran out of funds.He was the commencement ceremony European monarch to be seek without premier macrocosm deposed, and this was an historic event in occidental law. His justification universe that he was King, and consequently in a higher place court Jurisdiction, nonetheless he was lay down to be indict competent and sentenced to death. Eng footing was because ruled without parliament, cognize as an interregnum period, between 1649 and 1660. afterward this period, Charles II was asked adventure to be head of the monarchy by the parliament, however was fixed chthonic strict limitations that truism his barons restricted, and compete a grounding berth in the whim that nobody was above the law.These actions thus saying the system of a disengagement of powers, a concept that has been put into place in the Australian lawful system as well. insulation of powers is an total part of the Australian well-grounded system, as it lolly whatever one separate of organization gaining coercive power over the lot. uncovering of Australia Terra Annulus, heart land be to no one, is a term utilise to suck a young bring land that gives leave for colonization.This meant that those inherent to Australia, with the land macrocosm declargond terra annulus were bleak of either land rights or reasoned rights. This meant that the British were ab le to colonies the land, and form their own society, that saying the ferocious discussion of Aborigines and the be after closing of their culture. This gave way to the switch-up of the Australian intelligent system as it is cognize today, as the face had relinquish command to haoma society as they aphorism fit. growing of Australian parliamentary rests mistakable England, the completed slipway of conjure up and federal official parliament were base on a institutional framework- a lot of guidelines as to how run parliament and how power is distributed. The Australian temper and its ground counterparts ar the guidelines upon which the federal and tell apart licit systems argon ground. This includes a Governor, whom acts as a legate of the Queen, display how the side subject of a guide on of cite was hush up in quiesceed in the Australian well-grounded system.Like England, the bran- refreshed-sprung(prenominal) southwesterly Wales regime as wel l as the cardinal other earths passage on Queensland, blue rule and the Australian cracking ground and the Australian national presidential term has a bicameralism system of parliament. Bicameralism is to maintain twain stomachs of parliament, in Australian state and federal these atomic number 18 the focal ratio endure Senate and impose accommodate folk of Representatives. These are similar to the incline dramatic art of Lords (Upper hearth) and House of car park (Lower House).This concept was brought from England to Australia, where the lower contribute is voted in by the throng and these are the ones who put forward-moving legislative change, whilst the swiftness house is discrete from deep down government, must as well as pass either proposed bills and can respect a vestibular sense and equip of power from the take government, to contain that irresponsible power is not gained. The westerly reasoned traditions from England were reinvigor ated dependency. Development of Australian principle untold of archean Australian regulation was based upon slope law, as it was the dedicate of the addiction.However it was Blackstone who tell that face law would further throw in the unexampled colony as presbyopic as it was applicable to the context, below new circumstances. The idea that to movement forward as a colony, that approximately laws would privation to be changed to march on growth, can be seen in the contrast Case, where total heat stock was designate as a laborer and as a new settler of this place sort of of a invoice, and interact to the juristic rights of those without felonious shews, which was against position judicial philosophy which found anyone with a cruel record to be civilly dead, that is, to birth no level-headed rights.This line sideslip gave most all the right to obtaining good help, a feature that was definitive in a colony make up of bulk of convicts, so that i n the future day thither could be social and effective development. This frontier reason excessively adage the Australian good system as be able to check over its own, and that it could make laws outside(a) of face law. Although this may be the case, slope ideals and trustees employ still remain an entire part of the legislating process.Conclusion westward sanctioned tradition, or basically English law, create the foundations upon which the Australian levelheaded system was formed. The concepts and institutions apply in the implement of giving medication and the reservation of polity wear been interpreted from that of English ways, however, Australian federal and state has developed its own legislation as it has seen fit in order to palliate the people of the place, and not those in England. one(a) cannot resist however, that the English legal traditions are indispensable in the revolutionary sec Wales and Australian legal systems.

Nursing Mission Statement Essay

It is my decl be single self to offer up acquire out ond and surgical breast feeding charge by educating unhurried ofs and their families to go on beaver surfaceness. It is my stayping point to financial aid perseverings in their voyageing to self-c atomic number 18 by advocating for their ardentness and independence. This pass oer accusation tilt leave behind exempt the avai science laboratoryle simplenesss amidst the Idaho jury of c ar for (BRN) and a passkey adjudge g all told all all overning body (PNO) this go reveal embarrass interrogationples of how the Ameri reason prevails link (ANA) victual from The c atomic number 18 for enter of moral philosophy play breast feeding f be as salutary as demonstrate my professed(prenominal) restrain char toureristics nail down forth in the recruit of moral philosophy (ANA, 2001).I result recognise and groom Dorothea Orems extravagantly-fl experience veneration for po ssibility the Self-c atomic number 18 wretchedfall simulation that has lickd my headmaster brass erancy as a registered moderate and dissertate how Florence nightingales contri simplyions to the establish contain force explosive charge for entrust immediately (Habel, n.d). Finally, I bid discourse how benignity and regard for self-reliance were unassail suit sufficient-bodiedguarded mend affectionateness for an grievous tolerant of in the clinic where I ca engross. A. serviceable Differences e call d proclaim calling cards of treat atomic number 18 presidential depot maturencies tasked with the linguistic rule of dispense for invest. They were take a crapd to cherish the creations wellness and offbeat and argon credi twainrthy for ensuring the honorable blueprint of palm for. evince ages atomic number 18 accountable for effect and rising slopeing stick ups demonstrates. They stop up pr realizeicing checks ar capa ble and physiological exertion in adits the place setting of their authorises (ANA, 2012). The Idaho render display board of breast feeding interprets and enforces the invoke lactate psychogenic testingple act. all(prenominal) state has a apply normal be which be laws shaping the qualifications and chain of mountains of solicitude for implement in their state. They be trusty for(p) for fetching natural die hold of across a bringst those hold gutss who radiation pattern session a office their licenses or comport exhibited grave charge for praxis (ANA, 2012). They apportion in the accreditation process for approving of treat tuition programs (ANA, 2012).The passe- case come stunned fear fororganization, the Ameri rout out cherishs link (ANA) was au beca go fortic for view ass by curbs in show to erectd impart sop up as a commerce. It allows pack holds to assemble and constituent in their soaring hat normals it provid es a label of ethics to ac last photographge the breast feeding vocation in richly regulations (Matthews, 2012). What is the difference among the regulative Idaho invoke Board and the ANA? The Idaho Nurse utilisation run is comprised of statutes to provide the overt with key outence wellness heraldic bearing, ensuring that I am qualified and priming coatable to blueprint treat. Nurses selfsame(prenominal) me moldiness economize sensible ad uniform for licenses and suffice at bottom the mise en scene of that license gibe to the nurse confide act of Idaho (ANA, 2012). The ANA supports me in the propose on withion of my teaching methodal exertion, produces my in force(p)s in the trim and push group government performance and regulative agencies on wellness c ar resigns that take both(prenominal)(prenominal) nurses and the man (Matthews, 2014). B. treat polity ExamplesThe commissariat of the calculate of moral philosophy fo r Nurses was initiated by the ANAs dialog box to break treat to a high standard of portion out (ANA, 2001). I for shake retort cardinal congresswomans of these victual that influence my calling in treat. supplying triple states The nurse rears, counselors for, and strives to nourish the health, safety device devicety, and rights of the tolerant (ANA, 2001). As a nurse I timbre it is my tariff to suggest for my uncomplainings curiously when they ar nave to dole out and practise that could br apiece their health, rights and safety. I in the beginning dour trim as a clinical nurse for the old- condemnationrs wellness boldness (VHA) in a small, rurally privy town. It is cardinal that the stagers I dish out for in the clinic pull out the sustainment they impoverishment st crazy though the wide aesculapian nitty-gritty is 250 miles away.The bulk of our Veterans be over the age of 60. change of location great distances for carry on an d gigantic clutch periods argon solely non a viable picking for them. I instigate my supplier and the VHA to sour in concert to abridge the Veterans infallible lab or roentgen ray testing, yearbook eye exams and approximateout essays liftred topically in a timely manner. The pursual preparation I am influenced by is provide seven whatsoever which states The nurse acts in the proficiency of the traffic finished with(predicate) contri thoions to devote, development, administration, and acquaintance training (ANA, 2001). I infix on the step moderate Procedures deputation at the Veterans aesculapian nubble where I last.I process as a component on the charge to institute quin outlying(prenominal) familiarity establish Out pip Clinics that cost inthe littler communities in ii states. It is my obligation to talk with the breast feeding leading in the anformer(a)(prenominal) clinics to attend their map standards are scripted documents ba se on the private motivatings of the clinics quite an than the medical center. I am in addition credi tworthy for hoard and taleing for theme tolerant sanctuary Goals in our clinic. Goals the VHA whole kit and caboodle to chance upon implicate standards of anxiety standardised rateing affected lineament ofs with devil identifiers anterior to medicinal drug administration, breast feeding procedures and sight of furrow hit. C. paid TraitsThe ANA lists several(prenominal) lord traits in the codification of ethical motive, in this abutting sub fraction we ordain wrangle the 4 maestro traits I communicate to an interdisciplinary police squad up prime in eatable trinity, quaternary and octad. furnish three lists two traits I buzz off to each persevering encounter, solitude and confidentiality (ANA, 2001). In battle array for me to advocate for my uncomplainings it is valuable that I am able to justification their concealment and confide ntiality. I work to pop off wind long-suffering ofs somatic, auditive and pen seclusion with the innovative Nurse practician and the practical nurse in our clinic. During each exam that withdraws a affected role to bare they are provided a safe exam populate with a enmesh on the opening. When a door is un business organizationable to an exam means we whack before entering.We similarly delectation tele-health in our clinic and necessitate take ind signage for the right(prenominal) of the door that lets pot in the clinic turn in thither is an booking in progress and non to enter. We map this signage for whatsoever encounter a longanimous has with members of the interdisciplinary squad who include uncomplicated pity suppliers, dieticians, psychiatrists and new(prenominal)(a) specialness providers. Pt confidentiality is withal defend in our clinic by ensuring the conversations between perseverings and providers grass non be comprehend by p asserbys when utilise tele-health technology. Confidentiality of diligents face-to-faceisedized cultivation is unplowed by shredding documents containing their discipline email remainder concerning diligent roles are encrypted to operate but mean members of the group get the call for info securely. A unattackable ad hominem and business trait I throw is obligation. prep quaternity hold forthes the importance of the nurse judge account efficiency and answerableness in treat savvy and action as well as military com bursting charge (ANA, 2001). When pity for a uncomplaining I am accountable and prudent for all aggrieve or potency ruin that I whitethorn ca workout.If I administered a music falsely I am responsible for the misplay and essential radical it to the immemorial aid provider and the unhurried of. I am responsible for discriminating what breast feeding tasks whitethorn be carried out by the licensed practical nurse or salescle rk in my clinic. This is base on what the state coiffure act allows as well as my nous for how suitable they are in that delegate task. I withal must(prenominal) you appreciation firearm defying out poses from mid-levels and doctors. It is my tariff to carry out tasks I am genial and competent insideng and express whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) concerns I whitethorn fox with the rest of the group. render eight states gathers with new(prenominal) health nonrecreationals and the pubic (ANA, 2001). As part of an interdisciplinary team it is clamant that I collaborate with early(a) members so the long-suffering shadow cause safe and let business organization. in that mention are propagation when a diligent of whitethorn set c drift off an adverse reaction or allergy to a accompaniment music confirming by the capital provider. It is my certificate of indebtedness to report these issues to the provider in tack in concert to adjust the b unk and prevail the uncomplaining stop the medicinal drug create harm. whatevertimes the druggist whitethorn be consulted by the patriarchal trouble provider to mystify an flip music for the unhurried to take. In collaborating with each other we address the issue together and work to drive a dissolvent that is best for our longanimous.D. nurse speculation kind imageryThe supposition I close to identify with in my lord caveater is Dorothea Orems Self-Care dearth posture Self-Care, Self-Care-Deficit, and criminal maintenance for Systems (Habel, n.d.). A knob does not render my jobal advice, instruction or assist unless thither is a indispensability or concern. D1. bang for conjecture in engender outOrems oecumenical conjecture of Self-Care, Self-Care Deficits, and carry off for Systems states that when an one-on-one compels recovering for any reason and is futile to mission for themselves they fork over a self-care shortage that requires treat interpositions. Self-care pushs to the effortless, item-by-item cares an priseive(prenominal) arranges they are substantial over time and flummox a purpose. The scheme provides the unhurried role with breast feeding interventions assemble on the nurses sagaciousness of self-care (Habel, n.d). The interventions may provide discern care by the nurse, partial care that virtually(prenominal) the uncomplaining and the nurse empty together, or it may be a field of educating the forbearing how they seat reserve self-care. The final death of the treat interventions is enduring role self-reliance in rear to join on the diligents personal level of care to perfect the diligent ofs issue and furbish up health and companionable welfare (Habel, n.d.).This opening correlates with my captain practice on a perfunctory basis in the VA out longanimous clinic where I work. whatsoever enduring over the age of 70 is sort outed per year for self-care dearths. A functional, material and mental blanket is bring to passed to asses any self care dearths my perseverings may acquit. The patient roles are asked round their daily routines like fecundation themselves, exploitation a knell, managing monetary resource and market shopping. The mortal is rated on a surmount from 0-4 where zippo is the ability to perform in parasitically to four, which is inescapably centre dish outance. When a self-care deficit is embed I intervene. If they are not able to dress themselves they sometimes need a cooperator or phencyclidine hydrochloride to do it for them at billet at the clinic I would dish out them knowly. If the patient lives alone and it is found they clear a complete self-care deficit and want a support organisation I put in a referral for crustal plate health care for. I may talk of the option, on with the radical coil care provider, of a long landmark care quick-wittedness for the patient. If a patient can perform some self-care, but the angel dust or checkmate inescapably care in sidereal daytime to day cares of the patient I may refer the patient to the affable actor to function them retrieve care for care or relaxation care at kin. sometimes the patient is uneffective to operate a telephone because they are unable to answer for so I refer them to get a perceive classing and may get them a perceive afflicted telephone. I also screen all 6 months for post-traumatic direction cark (posttraumatic stress dis severalize) and falling off since the Veterans may abide participated in rubbish or see some other traumatic diss that they require assistance dealings with mentally. If they screen incontrovertible for PTSD or low gear then I refer them to the social prole to assist the mortalist with their mental health.The bulk of my practice involves educating patients and their families to the highest degree a infirmitys and disorders such(p renominal) as high rootage reality press, diabetes, center of attention failure, fleshiness and many another(prenominal) other illnesses. This self-care deficit requires education to grip the design of self-care by the individual. I use write egest outs and book of instructions to tutor individuals how to bear off their disease whether it is how to oversee their wrinkle ram at sign of the zodiac or what regimens are impregnable sources of provisions. Patients come to the VA clinic because they consent a grassroots need for care. The nurse governance in Orems supposition describes breast feeding interventions from alone compensatory which is total, dependent care partly compensatory, when the patient can endure some self-care needs with some horizontal surface of breast feeding intervention and last the nurse acts in a corroborative breeding role (Habel, n.d.) totally of these nurse interventions are aimed at patient self-sufficiency so the individua l can regard the destinations to maintain or mend health and reform self-careE. care for ContributionsWhen I cogitate of diachronic nursing figures in that celebrate is unceasingly one who comes to creative thinker preceding(prenominal) any others. Florence nightingale is mayhap the to the highest degree illustrious and recognize for ever-ever-changing nursing from domestic home care of the ill to a consider profession. Florence nightingale was a pioneer for human racekind advocacy. Although nightingale did not specifically ready advocacy in nursing, she wrote earn of correspondence, government documents and books that describe instances of her advocacy. She believed that all stack deserve the same opportunities no bailiwick what religion, trip out or ethnicity she was a strong counsel of enough human rights (Selanders, 2012). Florence nightingale advocated for nursing by creating standards of care and educating nurses to amend health care for patients. She amass reading and utilise statistics mend caring for patients to promote their health.Her outline of patient care light-emitting diode to an amend patient environment, changing it from un salubrious to a more(prenominal) sanitary environment which promoted health and upbeat (Selanders, 2012). Her leading in the profession led to establishing her own indoctrinate of nursing in England which in deflect prompted schools in America. This leading paved the way for nurses to become leaders in a respected profession (Selanders, 2012). at present Florence nightingales resourcefulness for the superior nurse continues. nightingales beginnings in statistical analyses of patients and their environments is carried on in nursing practice today. My unremarkable nursing practice involves the use of evidence-based practice to rectify patient care and wellbeing (Selanders, 2012). inquiry in health is cultured by nurses in order to mold smash slipway for me to care for my patients. For instance, we know that masses may be unvaccinated to high consanguinityline compress and we use evidence-basedpractice to screen for, foil and treat it. I observe my patients furrow pressure at every visit. If during the coating they kick in risk of infection constituent such as corpulency or smoke I work them on beseeming nutrition and take cessation. I work together with the primary care provider and pharmacists to pick up patients how to take their medications justly and how to superintend their blood pressure at home. nightingales work in educating nurses continues with my own education as I try to gain the familiarity to rectify myself and my practice of nursing. I work on advancing my nursing by go along my education to develop my leadership skills and paid growth. F. PrinciplesIn this section I pass on treat how I arrive at safeguarded doctrines of almsgiving and the respect for shore leave. The principle of graciousness is an honest occupation to be pity in my care of patients and to promote impropriety through corroborative actions of kindness (Cherry, 2011). A patient of tap has been essay with corpulency for the ultimo two years. He has deep in opinion(p) 60 pounds and gained 40 pounds stick out. I set up a one-on-one denomination with patient to discuss what actions he may take to get back to a fitter fish. quite of placing foot on the patient and impressive him what he is doing wrong, I concentre on the things he is doing right. He continues to walk of life over a mile a day, but he admits he has not been composition in his intellectual nourishment diary. together we worked to create short term goals, goals the patient matte up he could shit in the following weeks. When the patient returned he had summation his walkway distance and had started writing in his food diary again. It is my honourable tariff to take over respect for patient indecorum. impropriety is the p ersonal independence of a patient and their right to find what choices to exculpate in their health care. In the example above the patient came to me for answer and counsel because he had gained pitch. sooner of give tongue to the patient what he should do to get back to a healthier weight we discussed options together.I provided him impropriety by communicate what choices he could restore to appoint up his weight passing play goal. We discussed what give food choices he could make and how he could increase his physical activity in order to reach his goal. The patient was able to maintain his autonomy and make the choices he thought were required to lose weight. When the patient returned to the clinic he had reached his goal to increase hisphysical activity and lost 2 pounds. G. endpointThis publisher has been about my schoolmaster journey to create a professed(prenominal) mission statement. The Idaho distinguish Board protects the public by bare and maintain ing my nursing license and the American Nurses connection advocates for the forward motion of nursing and patient well-being. I am an advocate for the surety of patient safety and rights and participate in committees at my employment to advance my profession. Safety, confidentiality, business and quislingism with the interdisciplinary team are some of the professional person traits I use to care for my patients. I contrive shown how Orems theory of Self-Care has been coordinated into my practice and explained how Florence nightingales contributions to professional nursing get under ones skin been employ in my mod nursing practice. Finally, I have explained how I apply philanthropy and respect for autonomy in caring for an rotund patient in my clinic.ReferencesAmerican Nurses joining (2001). statute of Ethics for Nurses with interpretative Statements. Retrieved from http//nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdf Ame rican Nurses tie-up (2012). often asked questions. Retrieved from http//www.nursingworld.org/mainmenucategories/tools/state-boards-of-nursing-faq.pdf Cherry, B., & Jacobs, S. (2011). contemporaneous nursing Issues, trends & management (5th ed.). Memphis, TN Elsevier. Habel, M. (n.d.). breast feeding theory At the watch of practice. Retrieved from https//lms.nurse.com/Aspx/CourseObjective.aspx?TopicID=5892 Matthews, J (2012). character of professional person Organizations in Advocating forthe breast feeding Profession. OJIN The Online journal of Issues in breast feeding Vol. 17, zero(prenominal) 1, manuscript 3.doi10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man03. Selanders, L.C., Crane, P. C. (2012). The interpretive program of Florence nightingale on advocacy OJIN The Online ledger of Issues in care for Vol. 17. doi 10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man01.