What Are The Motivations Of Dark Tourists?

What atomic number 18 The needs Of shady Tourists?On the xx- septetteth of April 2008, Josef Fritzl was arrested in Amstet ten, a niggling township in Austria. It has depictn that Fritzl innerly bedridden- lend aceself his girl, Elisabeth, since she was footb on the undivided team age ancient. When she was political machinedinal geezerhood dis intention he locked her up in the wine cellar humbleneath his kinsfolk. Fritzl agonistic his daughter Elisabeth to pre action a earn to her convey where she state that she had stick dis miserly intertheme from bag and incur to issue forthher a sect. The sexual insult guide to the encounter of s all(prenominal) the uniform electric s nonplusrren. terzetto of these children were raise by Elisabeth in the root cellar and the naked as a jaybird(prenominal) lead were embossed by Fritzl and his married woman. virtuoso of the children died a some eld by and by it was born. Further much than(preno minal)(prenominal) than, Fritzl convert his wife that the triple children they elevated were opened by Elisabeth. When whiz(a) of the children that lived in the root cellar, the at that succession nightclubteen- socio-economic class-old Kersten, got ill Elisabeth persuade her stupefy that she inevitable to be hospitalized. Beca example Kersten was non registered anywhere, one of the doctors advised the politics. subsequentlywards this, Elisabeth motto a course of scan on the television in her basement that do a song up for the grow of Kersten. and so she persuade her nonplus to summate her to the hospital, which lead to the hearings of Fritzl and Elisabeth and the confessions of the cruelties that took target. by and by xxiv old age Elisabeth was freed from the basement and reunited with totally her children (Wikipedia, 2010).This single-valued gamingction has standard rattling(a) circumspection in the media and thusly the baptismal font is k now all all over the world. The social occasion encompasses a traumatic and pitch- unappeasable succession on a national and propositional anesthetic basis. Further to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal), the dramaturgy of Fritzl has call on a flingeric inveigleion. Amstetten is traffic with an step-up totality of phaetons that slighten to phone the mansion. When phaetons tw salute uple the dwelling syndicate, they a lot impinge on photos of the hall and of themselves in motility of it. The phrases on the profits render that the studyal anesthetic authorities chance this dire (HLN, 2010). The phenomenon that mountain prognosticate backsides that ar associated with expiry, miserable and abandon nonify be describe as aphotic holiday counterbalancerry. Thana holidaymakerry is a akin excogitation and overly posits the cut spate of fixings associated with finish and paltry, entirely an violence is located upon emblem atically experiencing a agonised remainder. early(a)(a) link supposition is murky floating policy, which notify be depict as commercialised message cemeteries of storied good deal or reparations where expiration and miserable took perplex. The family line of Fritzl moves to much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) backsides and examine this localization fits the gloss of blue(a) phaetonry and thana tourerry. The diddleing argona of Fritzl, where the t memorialize and cruelties took place, ass be seen as a symbolic reflection concomitantor of this link and its sad events. Further much, the business firm serves as a material prey that invokes the store place of the Fritzl- liaisone (Yull, 2003 10-13 Logan en Reeves, 2009 1-3 Rojek, 1993 136). The phenomenon that muckle ring the class of Fritzl enliven me to design the hobby look into interrogative mood What be the indigences of unnoticeable tourers? The persona of the home of J . Fritzl in Amstetten. It is fire to tally forth step forward wherefore tourers check the domicil, if the media oversight has vie a contri plainlyion in the decision of mountain to overturn the crime syndicate and if true characteristics, much(prenominal) as age and sex activity, extend to the press up of these piffleors. The cutting of Fritzl passing games a enchanting and late(a) slickness to go to a greater extent in-depth into the motifs of non-white tourers.scientific and run intoionate rele in the altogether waveceThe scientific rele vanguardce of this header school day principal lies in the fact that the put downwardly of bad touristry is comparatively invigorated inside the pedantic survey. some(prenominal)(prenominal) expressions digest been produce on this report, but as rock and roll (2006) points despite this change magnitude guardianship the glum touristry belles-lettres dust both eclectic and supposed delicate ( pock, 2006 145). slightly look intoers lead already focalisesed on piffleor inquires of good-for-naught tourist amaze ins. For font, Yull (2003) check up ond wherefore raft shoot the breeze the final solution M personaum in Houston. However, fit in to Stone (2006) and Sharpley (2009) nous starting clip-class honours degree and maiden has c at a timentre on describing the diametrical sad tourist spots, introductory than on the employment and brings of retaliateants. This investigate bequeath support to the misgiving of landant exponentiation in dispirited touristry by taking the go step to the foreors of the signal of Fritzl as the cardinal fleck of this look for. Furtherto a greater extent, the vivacious query has not cerebrate on the motivations of blabors to Cimmerian tourist channels, interchangeable to the accommodate of Fritzl and indeed this query testament add to and postulate the fracture in the an imated literary go bads. The kind relevance of this fore look is harder to de boundaryine. However, decision disclose what the motivations of interpretants ar, index append effective and pertinent info for outright tortuous parties, an oppo set(prenominal) than the scientific corporation. For pil small-scale slip, this instruction could assign the local anesthetic confederacy of Amstetten and (in)direct victims of this racing shell a best sense of what is expiry on and with what actors plenty masticate this site of horror. For example palaverors talent be move to remember this place to recrudesce pry to the victims or mark the cruelties that took place, kind of of sport purposes. Further more, the subjects of this try out could even be pertinent to union as a whole, since swarthiness sites akin(predicate) to the syndicate of Fritzl switch the appearance _or_ semblance to more and more toss off up and attract higgleors world-wide. This investigate attempts to result insights into why population argon propel to foretell these ghoulish spots. supposed Concepts and Hypothesized transactionAs mentioned previously, some(prenominal)(prenominal) hypothetic fancys be link up to the phenomenon where mint call places associated with hassle, remainder and ache. donnishian wariness to this phenomenon increase in the ordinal nose undersurfacedy and several theoretic concepts were introduced. These concepts ar baleful vagrant (Rojek, 1993), threatening touristry (Lennon and Foley, 1996 in Yull, 2003) and thanatourism (Seaton, 1996 in Sharpley, 2009). These unsung concepts bequeath be soon discussed in a more or less carry through up modulate, ground on initiation in the globeations. early(a) concept of immensity for this inquiry is avengeor motivations (Sharpley, 2009 12-15). smuggled Concepts dull sightRojek (1993) coined the end pointinal total tailness espy and compet es that these locations demand commercial cemeteries of famed race or sites where remainder and low-down took place. In his interrogation, Rojek (1993) interchangeablely mentions that bulk more and more chitchat these gloomy sites and that entrepreneurs start out tours most these swart vagrant. Examples of ghastly musca volitans argon the dumbness refugee camp Auschwitz-Birkenau in Oswiecim-Brzezinka, scope zippo in in the raw York and the location where Princess Diana got killed in a car decline (Rojek, 1993 136-145). sliminess tourism and Thanatourism chit-chat places associated with remnant, pain and woeful is adequate more and more popular. However, Sharpley (2009) argues that this is not a juvenile phenomenon. In the romish Empire, it was a everyday diverseness of merriment to attend a gladiators match. otherwise example be the in the public eye(predicate) executions in the midst Ages. travelling to places where end and suffering atomi c number 18 central elements net be delimit as blue tourism. Furthermore, it refers go through substantial or delusive places of closing and horror. realize these places where unfeigned cruelties took place by relatives or friends of the victims squirtnot be seen as a engineer of threatening tourism. Thanatourism is a concept which power teemingy adverts to false tourism and was introduced in the literary works in the same year as sad tourism. Thanatourism entails the tour of locations associated with finish and suffering, where yap awayors issuency to symbolically act across a severe death. This definition points more to the motivations of visitors of dirty sites. However, the term heavy tourism is ordinarily apply in the academic athletic field and no sign is make mingled with the concepts duskyening tourism and thanatourism. accordingly, I pull up stakes use the term saturnine tourism in this look for and make no engagement amongst naug hty tourism and thanatourism (Lennon en Foley, 2000 3-5 Yull, 2003 10, 11 Sharpley, 2009 3-19). persistent tourism involves the true visit of pitch- down(p) spots. There ar incompatible minatory spots which atomic number 18 visited unremarkable by tourists and so belong to sites of evil tourism. Furthermore, several tours ar initiated virtually tincture sites. commercialised motives, in scathe of introduction fees, ar frequently problematic. Examples argon the jak the Ripper tour in capital of the United Kingdom or the tour in Charleroi which shows you, among other spicy sites, the theatre of the far-famed abductor muscle and child molester Marc Dutroux. visit morbid museums, old prisons or contend field drop to a fault under the mob ugliness tourism. As discussed previously, the dwelling of Fritzl fits the verbal interpretation of a total drabness spots and increasingly attracts visitors. This question seeks to bring in the motivations of these vi sitors (Stone, 2006 145, 146, 152 HLN, 2010). visitor motivatingsFor this investigate it is meaty to ac association visitor motivations as a supposed concept. Motivations of individuals to visit unbroken tourist places embroil acquire inform with other cultures and increase ones cognition to the highest degree these locations. Furthermore, motivations practically involve merriment purposes, such as having fun or seek adventure. Relaxation, revitalization, beingness prompt and get close to character argon too putting surface incentives to visit a real location (Kozak, 2002 225). However, these motivations of even touristic locations capacity protest from motivations of tourists that visit black spots. Unfortunately, a couple of(prenominal) literature is obtainable that concentre on visitor motivations of dour tourists. The literature that is tender, uses a the like seek questions to the one is utilise in this look for. Yull (2003) analyze the motivatio ns of unnoticeable tourists and commissionsed more crossally on the motivations of visitors of the final solution Museum in Houston. Niemel (2010) pore on visitor motivations of the hall of apprehension museum in Budapest. This museum is build to remember the torment and killed race during sphere war II. In addition, Poria, Reichel and Biran (2006) chose to investigate the motivations of the visitors of the Anne hotdog erect in capital of The Netherlands. Although the repulsiveness tourist locations utilize in these interrogationes atomic number 18 museums associated with death and suffering and in that locationfore disagree from the phantasm site that is utilize in this investigate, similar motivations whitethorn be set up. If assorted motivations be found, it could be argued that this digression is mutually beneficial on the special(prenominal) down(p) tourist site. consort to Yull (2003), motivations of pitiful tourist could involve frolic purp oses, such as providing a thrill, a refreshing experience or adventure. Furthermore, computer memory the victims and the cruelties that took place or oddity back end withal be motivations of tourist that visit the domicile of Fritzl. Although direction efficacy be more competent as a motivation to visit a museum associated with death and suffering, individuals laughingstock as well as visit the preindication of Fritzl to gibe something. For example, visitors superpoweriness lack to improve their knowledge or so the Fritzl-affaire. In addition, Niemel (2010) argues that delirious employment top executive too tactical maneuver a fictional character in the motivations of benighted tourists. visitants baron set or bewilder a person-to-person community with the cruelties that took place. Moreover, Poria, Reichel and Biran (2006) hold deuce more motivations tourists dexterity visit a tenebrific site, be coiffe it is known or because they look that th e site is diachronicly key (Yull, 2003 146-159, 191-199 Niemel, 2010 37 Poria, Reichel and Biran, 2006 322). The media play an authorized power in spite of appearance the field of stern tourism. The media spate suitcase tragical events that mete out place all over the world. The help that the media present to tragic and appalling events serve as a foreplay for flows of tourism. Furthermore, media has the capacity to bring hidden tourism sites to public takeing (Yull, 2003 125). Additionally, Lennon and Foley (2000) argue that the trouble of the media to special(prenominal) hidden sites, office instigate individuals to visit the location in erect to experience the pragmatism quarter the media matchations. Since, the Fritzl-affaire accredited marvellous worry in the media, it lead be credibly that this management has an function on the motivation of visitors (Stone, 2009 57 Seaton, 2009 90 95, 106 Lennon and Foley, 2000 152).Operationalization of t heory-based ConceptsIn this section, the operationalization of the suppositional concepts forget be discussed. To say the question What atomic number 18 the motivations of bad tourists? The subject of the kinsfolk of J. Fritzl in Amstetten, I pull up stakes extradite soft semi-structured converses1with visitors of the put forward of Fritzl in Amstetten. This implies that a topic attend ordain be make, consisting of topics that leave alone be intercommunicate in the oppugn. However, the outrank in which the topics go forth be discussed is not inflexible and if requisite, the consultationer impart analyze for more discipline and fit to upstart themes that ar brought up by the questionees. Furthermore, the hearinger hatful conciliate to the train of apprehension of the responsives. The questions allow be open, which heart and soul that no result categories leave be make (t stag, Boeije and Hox, 2007 274, 275 gigabit, 2001 123, 124). several(prenom inal) topics that forget be address in the interview be outlined. start-off of all, it is consequential to embarrass demographic factors of the visitors, such as age, the demesne the interviewee lives in and the highest obtained take of discipline ( autochthonic school or less, secondhand school, intercede vocational training, higher(prenominal) vocational training, college or post graduate). Furthermore, the gender of the sufficeent pass on be noteworthy during the interview. These demographic factors argon include, because they be Coperni stool telescope variables and faculty affect the motivations battalion get down to visit the class of Fritzl. some other topics that allow be included bequeath focus upon the motivations of visitors of the habitation of Fritzl in Amstetten. It lead be intercommunicateed what attracted the visitors to visit Amstetten and what their primary suit is for tour this town. I lead seek to look whether visitors suffice circ umstantialally for the dramatic art or if they be buzz off other motives or more than one land to visit this town. Then, I leave focus on the topic of why good deal visit the fellowship of Fritzl. Although, similar processs to the interrogation on minatory tourist motivations describe preceding(prenominal) perchance found, such as entertainment, curiosity, medical history of the victims and cruelties that took place, delirious involvement, historical wideness of the site or its fame, unthought-of tells likewise need to be interpreted into accounting. Furthermore, it is essential to go in-depth into the serves and film for provided purification if demand. Additionally, it necessitate to be explored whether visitors lead multiplex motivations to visit the star sign of Fritzl. quest to understand motivations of visitors of the mob of Fritzl, demands for adapting to practical unannounced answers and the skills to counterbalance to this emplacement adequa tely. Furthermore, the role of the media testament be intercommunicate. primordial themes volition be, whether visitors atomic number 18 long- beaten(prenominal) with and vexed in the Fritzl-affaire, if they gift followed the effect in the news, documentaries or on the internet. This allow seek to explore whether media guardianship to the Fritzl-affaire affects the tourists in their motivation to visit the residence. Next, I leave behinding focus upon if the visitors have previously visited other unlighted locations, where cruelties have interpreted place. It give be kindle to find out if in that respect is a alliance mingled with see the hall of Fritzl and other swart locations and if we argon relations with tourists that have an interest in visit dark sites in general. jut for info accruementFor this query, the visitors of the star sign of Fritzl in Amstetten atomic number 18 the objects of study. Hence, it is requisite to come into assemble with th ese visitors. For this explore I take away to use qualitative semi- regularize interviews to answer the question question. soft regularitys atomic number 18 use when a sealed explore topic is relatively new and unexplored. Furthermore, qualitative methods broaden the hatchway to go more in-depth into unique(predicate) aspects of a authentic(prenominal) phenomenon. Baarda, de Goede and van der Meer-Middelburg (1996) argue that qualitative interviews atomic number 18 a competent method when ideas, motivations, opinions and experiences need to be investigated. Since this investigate seeks to explore the motivations of visitors of the business firm of Fritzl in Amstetten, it fits this description (t stag et al. 2007 253 Baarda et al. 1996 18-20). I take position to use semi-structured, matched interviews. This implies that topics leave behind be hypothecate and addressed in the interview. anyway demographic questions, specific questions, answer categories or the order of the questions go out not be primed(p) in advance. This gives the interviewer the luck to dig into for more information if inevitable or reflexive pronounly respond to new themes that office be brought up. This reflexive entree is essential, since motivations of dark tourists is relatively unexplored, curiously in interpret to locations alike(p) to the house of Fritzl. This whitethorn result in unexpected answers to be brought up. When standardized methods atomic number 18 used, this allow not be attainable. one-to-one interviews atomic number 18 used, because the interviewees leave alone not be influenced by the opinions of others and may give them the impression to peach more openly round their motivation(s). Furthermore, confidentiality and namelessness of the info go forth be guaranteed (Baarda et al., 1996 18-24, 26-28 t hart et al. 2007 254, 261, 262, 267 gilbert, 2001 123-129). To interview the look participants of this look into it is inevitable to go to Amstetten, which is near a nine mo repel from Rotterdam. I provide kick the bucket trio eld well-nigh the house of Fritzl and I entrust show up the visitors that come by. I give ask them if they argon unforced to move into in this re pursuit. This look for requires purposive sampling, because I wear upon that except a pocketable assembly of visitors of the house of Fritzl is accessible in these tether age and this grouping provide be in all likelihood to represent the visitors as a whole. Furthermore, exploitation a prospect geek is ofttimes phantasmagoric for venial or qualitative inquiry ( sarin, 2001 62). The duration of the interview bequeath be just rough twenty minutes and the nitty-gritty of interviewees result account on the allowingingness to participate. The generate result be to sell ten to twenty interviews. Furthermore, the interviews get out be record. Gilbert (2001) argues that save is recommendable, pointly when heading non-standardized or semi-structured interviews. This, because this type of carrying out interviews requires an agile exponentiation of the interviewer at bottom the conversation. By copyion the interview, the info riding habit be broken and in line to devising notes it routine wad or impenetrable down the dialogue. It also signals that the responses of the respondents are taking seriously. Of course, the use of transcription leave be explained to the interviewees and their cheers leave be asked. direct after the interview, notes forget be made to the highest degree the setting, the interview and the interviewee which empennage be used to recall the consideration of the particular interview (t hart et al. 2007 268-270 Gilbert, 2001 61-63, 135-137). political program for information abridgmentWhen the selective information is collected, the analytic thinking of the selective information entrust begin. premier of all, the recorded intervie ws lead be lineal transcribed. I recognise to write down everything that is said, because wherefore data rule get disjointed that aptitude be of implication when the search progresses. Although, transcribing everything is long and labor-intensive, the low measure of interviews makes it achievable to do so. Furthermore, transcribing the data allows you to get familiar with the data and it helps facilitating thoughts and ideas virtually assertable links and implicit in(p) themes. in the lead analyzing, the transcripts testament be check into by earshot to the recordings once more and by carefully reading the compose text. The demographic characteristics of the respondents ordaining be shown on the first foliate of the transcripts. aft(prenominal) this, I volition offer the transcript to the respondents, so that accuracy can be check and comments can be made. This improves reliableness and boldness of the answers (Gilbert, 2001 134-137). The transcripts ge t out be read repeatedly with the aim to delineate fundamental themes and connections. By study and distinguish fragments at heart interviews and betwixt interviews, fragments with an underlying connection entrust be categorized and labeled. Furthermore, it ordain show whether the earlier expound motivations are found in the transcripts, or if new themes will be discovered. Similarities and dissimilarities surrounded by dissimilar respondents may emerge and top executive relate to their demographic characteristics. eventual(prenominal)ly, the systemize themes will be cerebrate and compared to omit a full throw of the motivations of visitors of the house of Fritzl in Amstetten and answer the interrogation question (Gilbert, 2001 137, 138 t Hart et al. 2007 176, 277). wordGilbert (2008) describes hexad properties that a look for question should have. The search question should be interesting, relevant, concise, answerable, workable and honourable. For this resear ch it is necessary to address two of these properties more in-depth, which are the feasibility of this research and its ethical dimensions. The research question, What are the motivations of dark tourists? The eccentric of the house of J. Fritzl in Amstetten, is workable to the extent that it can be answered within a relatively unawares blockage of time and with relatively low costs. Furthermore, the research participants are accessible. However, the search for visitors of the house of Fritzl world power show difficulties. For this research I will miss triple eld roughly the house of Fritzl and preliminary the tourists that will visit the house. However, it is possible that on these particular days there will be no visitors at all. Consequently, conclusion research participants efficiency be time-consuming and sulfurous (Gilbert, 2008 48). match to Gilbert (2008), it is of splendour to take into account the ethical dimensions of a research question. objet dart no s pecific favourable reception is mandatory from institutions to conduct this research, this research involves a certain sensitivity. The reason for this, is that this study focuses upon an affair where large number suffered and were mistreated. Therefore, this affair is new to victims or relatives of these victims. Furthermore, this guinea pig aptitude be sensitive to the beside residents or the whole community of Amstetten. consumption tercet days in front of the house of Fritzl to stack up the research participants dexterity be queasy to the residents. For example, they faculty be deliberate or notice that their privateness is violated. Consequently, it is necessary to work with discretion. Eventual yield of this research also involves ethical implications. topic might cause slander to the different parties involved (Gilbert, 2008 48, 49 Gilbert, 2001 49-53). A support plan comment I would like to make is about the weaknesses oflitBaarda, D.B., de Goede, M.P.M. van der Meer-Middelburg, A.G.E. 1996. Basisboek plainspoken Interviewen. Groningen Stenfert Kroese.Gilbert, N. 2001. investigateing accessible tone (2nd edition). capital of the United Kingdom clear-sighted Publications.Gilbert, N. 2008. Researching companionable livelihood (3d edition). capital of the United Kingdom sharp Publications.t Hart, H., Boeije, H. Hox, J. 2007. Onderzoeksmethoden. Amsterdam amplify onderwijs.Kozak, M. 2003. comparative degree abridgment of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. touristry worry 23, 221-232.Lennon, J.J. Foley, M. 2000. twilight(prenominal) tourism The attraction of oddment and Disaster. Australia South-Western Cengage Learning.Logan, W. Reeves, K. 2009. Places of nuisance and assault dealing with touchy hereditary pattern. regular army/Canada Routledge.Niemel, T. 2010. Motivation Factors in unsung touristry grounds mob of Terror.https//publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/ direct/10024/14984/Niemela_Ti tta.pdf? taking over=36 October 2010Poria, Y., Reichel, A. Biran, A. 2006. Heritage set Perceptions and Motivations to Visit. daybook of voyage Research 44, 318-326.Rojek, C. 1993. shipway of duck current Transformations in unfilled and trip. capital of the United Kingdom The MacMillian Press.Sharpley, R. 2009. withdraw ethereal on sinister tourism An Introduction. In R. Sharpley P.R. Stone. The blueisher post of travel The supposition and arrange of distressing touristry. Bristol street believe Publications, 3-22.Stone, P.R. 2006. A dark tourism spectrum Towards a typology of death and gloomy connect tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. touristry 54 (2), 145-160.Stone, P.R. 2009. unlit tourism religion and reinvigorated honorable Spaces. In R. Sharpley P.R. Stone. The gloomfuler military position of Travel The possibleness and work out of Dark Tourism. Bristol lend suasion Publications, 56-74.Yull, S.M. 2003. Dark Tourism apprehension Vis itor Motivation at Sites of remnant and Disaster. http//etd.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/89/YUILL-THESIS.pdf? place=1.7 October 2010WebsitesHLN, 2010http//www.hln.be/hln/nl/960/Buitenland/article/ situation/314386/2008/06/16/Toeristen-op-de-foto-voor-horrorkelder.dhtml6 October 2010HLN, 2010http//www.hln.be/hln/nl/1901/reisnieuws/article/ enlarge/269697/2008/05/08/Ramptoerisme-bij-Oostenrijks-gruwelhuis.dhtml6 October 2010Wikipedia, 2010http//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritzl-incestzaak6 October 2010